Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito

SPECIAL ISSUE Digital clinical settings and virtual environments in assessment and treatment

N. 2 (2023)

Virtual Reality: Characteristics and application in anxiety disorders and other clinical settings

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/rpc2-2023oa15823
Inviata
28 aprile 2023
Pubblicato
07-02-2024

Abstract

Virtual Reality (VR) technology places users in a computer-generated three-dimensional environment where they experience a variety of visual and auditory cues related to their clinical needs. Despite the considerable growth of scientific knowledge in this field, the application of this knowledge to clinical practice has been slow. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the evidence related to the application of VRET interventions in the treatment of various disorders such as eating disorders, or even psychotic disorders and addictions, dwelling on anxiety disorders, in adults and in developmental age. VR technologies make it possible to create and replicate dangerous and impossible situations in the real world by allowing the precise acquisition of data, facilitating a more careful evaluation of rehabilitation progress; moreover, by exploiting the features of immersiveness and presence, it is possible to virtually recreate the perfect clinical setting for each intervention.

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Whiteside, S. P. (2019). Exposure therapy for anxiety: Principles and practice. Guilford Publications.
  2. Alsina-Jurnet, I., Carvallo-Beciu, C., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2007). Validity of virtual reality as a method of exposure in the treatment of test anxiety. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 844-851. DOI: 10.3758/bf03192977.
  3. APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. The American Psychologist, 61(4), 271-285. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271.
  4. Atthasongkhro, J., Kanchanachaya, N., Nitjarunkul, K., Auksornnit, V., & Tammachart, J. (2022). The Effect of Using Virtual Reality Museum for Improving Learning of the Users of the Hall of Southern Thai Culture, Princess Galyani Vadhana Institute of Cultural Studies, Prince of Songkla University. Elementary Education Online, 21(1), 20-20. DOI: 10.17051/ilkonline.2022.01.03.
  5. Balzarotti, S. & Colombo, B. (2016). Effects of unilateral transcranial direct current stimulation of left prefrontal cortex on processing and memory of emotional visual stimuli. PloS one, 11(7), e0159555. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159555.
  6. Beidel, D. C., Tuerk, P. W., Spitalnick, J., Bowers, C. A., & Morrison, K. (2021). Treating childhood social anxiety disorder with virtual environments and serious games: a randomized trial. Behavior Therapy, 52(6), 1351-1363. DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.003.
  7. Bercea, I. A. (2021). In virtuo exposure therapy for children diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (Bachelor’s thesis, University of Twente).
  8. Bombari, D., Schmid Mast, M., Canadas, E., & Bachmann, M. (2015). Studying social interactions through immersive virtual environment technology: virtues, pitfalls, and future challenges. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 869. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00869.
  9. Bordnick, P. S., Graap, K. M., Copp, H. L., Brooks, J. & Ferrer, M. (2005). Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(5), 487-492. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.487.
  10. Botella, C., Rivera, R. M. B., Palacios, A. G., Quero, S., Guillén, V., & Marco, H. J. (2007). La utilización de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en psicología clínica. UOC Papers: revista sobre la societat del coneixement.
  11. Bowman, D. A., & McMahan, R. P. (2007). Virtual reality: how much immersion is enough? Computer, 40(7), 36-43. DOI: 10.1109/MC.2007.257.
  12. Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P. & Powers, M. B. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord., 61, 27-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003.
  13. Cesa, G. L., Manzoni, G. M., Bacchetta, M., Castelnuovo, G., Conti, S., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2013). Virtual reality for enhancing the cognitive behavioral treatment of obesity with binge eating disorder: randomized controlled study with one-year follow-up. Journal of medical Internet Research, 15(6), e113. DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2441.
  14. Chandra, A. (2016). Social networking sites and digital identity: The utility of provider‐adolescent communication. The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter, 32(3), 1-7. DOI: 10.1002/cbl.30107.
  15. De Jong, T., Linn, M. C., & Zacharia, Z. C. (2013). Physical and virtual laboratories in science and engineering education. Science, 340(6130), 305-308. DOI: 10.1126/science.1230579.
  16. Duarte, M. L., Santos, L. R., Júnior, J. G., & Peccin, M. S. (2020). Learning anatomy by virtual reality and augmented reality. A scope review. Morphologie, 104(347), 254-266. DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2020.08.004.
  17. Fernández-Álvarez, J., Di Lernia, D. & Riva, G. (2020). Virtual reality for anxiety disorders: rethinking a field in expansion. Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking and Understanding Recent Discoveries, 389-414. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_21.
  18. Ferrer-Garcia, M., Pla-Sanjuanelo, J., Dakanalis, A., Vilalta-Abella, F., Riva, G., Fernandez-Aranda, F., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2019). A randomized trial of virtual reality-based cue exposure second-level therapy and cognitive behavior second-level therapy for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder: Outcome at six-month fol-lowup. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(1), 60-68. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0675.
  19. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychological bulletin, 99(1), 20. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20.
  20. Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017). Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychological medicine, 47(14), 2393-2400. DOI: 10.1017/S003329171700040X.
  21. Garcia-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Hoffman, H., & Fabregat, S. (2007). Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychology and behavior, 10(5), 722-724. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9962.
  22. Girard, B., Turcotte, V., Bouchard, S., & Girard, B. (2009). Crushing virtual cigarettes reduces tobacco addiction and treatment discontinuation. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(5), 477-483. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2009. 0118.
  23. Grabarczyk, P. & Pokropski, M. (2016). Perception of affordances and experience of presence in virtual reality. AVANT. Trends in Interdisciplinary Studies. DOI: 10.26913/70202016.0112.0002.
  24. Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J., Ferrer-García, M., Caqueo-Urízar, A., & Moreno, E. (2010). Body image in eating disorders: The influence of exposure to virtual-reality environments. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(5), 521-531. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0301.
  25. Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J., Wiederhold, B. K., & Riva, G. (2016). Future directions: how virtual reality can further improve the assessment and treatment of eating disorders and obesity. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(2), 148-153. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0412.
  26. Huang, Y. & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depres-sive symptoms, and sleep quality during COVID19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. DOI: 10.1016/ j.psychres.2020.112954.
  27. Jordan, J. A., Gallagher, A. G., McGuigan, J., McGlade, K., & McClure, N. (2000). A comparison between randomly alternating imaging, normal laparoscopic imaging, and virtual reality training in laparoscopic psychomotor skill acquisition. The American journal of surgery, 180(3), 208-211. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00469-4.
  28. Kahlon, S., Lindner, P., & Nordgreen, T. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s13034-019-0307-y.
  29. Kaimara, P., Oikonomou, A., & Deliyannis, I. (2022). Could virtual re-ality applications pose real risks to children and adolescents? A systematic review of ethical issues and concerns. Virtual Reality, 26(2), 697-735. DOI: 10.1007/s10055-021-00563-w.
  30. Kampmann, I. L., Emmelkamp, P. M., & Morina, N. (2016). Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord., 42, 71-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.007.
  31. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Bruce, M. L., Koch, J. R., Laska, E. M., Leaf, P. J., &Wang, P. S. (2001). The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Services Research, 36(6 Pt 1), 987.
  32. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
  33. Kokal, I., Gazzola, V., & Keysers, C. (2009). Acting together in and beyond the mirror neuron system. Neuroimage, 47(4), 2046-2056. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.010.
  34. Kokkinara, E., Slater, M., & López-Moliner, J. (2015). The effects of visuomotor calibration to the perceived space and body, through embodiment in immersive virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), 13(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1145/2818998.
  35. Kong, G., He, K., & Wei, K. (2017). Sensorimotor experience in virtu-al reality enhances sense of agency associated with an avatar. Consciousness and Cognition, 52, 115-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.018.
  36. Koning, A. H., Rousian, M., Verwoerd-Dikkeboom, C. M., Goedknegt, L., Steegers, E. A., & Van Der Spek, P. J. (2009). V-scope: design and implementation of an immersive and desktop virtual reality volume visualization system. In MMVR (pp. 136-138).
  37. Koning, A. H., Rousian, M., Verwoerd-Dikkeboom, C. M., Goedknegt, L., Steegers, E. A., & van der Spek, P. J. (2009). V-scope: design and implementation of an immersive and desktop virtual reality volume visualization system. Studies in health technology and informatics, 142, 136-138. DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-964-6-136.
  38. Kothgassner, O. D., & Felnhofer, A. (2021). Lack of research on efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatrie, 35(2), 68-75. DOI: 10.1007/s40211-020-00349-7.
  39. Littlejohns, P., Chalkidou, K., Culyer, A. J., Weale, A., Rid, A., Kieslich, K., & Knight, S. (2019). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, social values and healthcare priority setting. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 112(5), 173-179. DOI: 10.1177/0141076819842846.
  40. Loucks, L., Yasinski, C., Norrholm, S. D., Maples-Keller, J., Post, L., Zwiebach, L., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2019). You can do that?!: Feasibility of virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD due to military sexual trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 55-63. DOI: 10.1016/ j.janxdis.2018.06.004.
  41. Ma, K., & Hommel, B. (2015). The role of agency for perceived own-ership in the virtual hand illusion. Consciousness and Cognition, 36, 277-288. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.008.
  42. Maes, M., Nelemans, S. A., Danneel, S., Fernández-Castilla, B., Van den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., & Vanhalst, J. (2019). Loneliness and social anxiety across childhood and adolescence: Multilevel meta-analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Developmental psychology, 55(7), 1548. DOI: 10.1037/dev0000719.
  43. Maldonado, J. G. (2002). Aplicaciones de la realidad virtual en psicología clínica. Aula Médica Psiquiátrica, 4(2), 92-126.
  44. Manzoni, G. M., Cesa, G. L., Bacchetta, M., Castelnuovo, G., Conti, S., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2016). Virtual reality-enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for morbid obesity: a randomized controlled study with 1 year follow-up. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(2), 134-140. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0208.
  45. Marco, J. H., Perpiñá, C., & Botella, C. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy supported by virtual reality in the treatment of body image in eating disorders: one year follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 619-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.023.
  46. Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2008). Therapeutic processes in virtual reality exposure therapy: The role of cognitions and the therapeutic alliance. Journal of Cybertherapy and Rehabilitation, 1(3), 247-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.023.
  47. Miloff, A., Lindner, P., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016). Single-session gamified virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. traditional exposure therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Trials, 17, 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1171-1.
  48. Morina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015). Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behav Res Ther., 74: 18-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010.
  49. Morina, N., Brinkman, W. P., Hartanto, D., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2014). Sense of presence and anxiety during virtual social interactions between a human and virtual humans. PeerJ, 2, e337. DOI: 10.7717/ peerj.337.
  50. Ngai, I., Tully, E. C., & Anderson, P. L. (2015). The course of the working alliance during virtual reality and exposure group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(2), 167-181. DOI: 10.1017/S135246581300088X.
  51. Normand, J. M., Giannopoulos, E., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2011). Multisensory stimulation can induce an illusion of larger belly size in immersive virtual reality. PloS one, 6(1), e16128. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0016128.
  52. Notzon, S., Deppermann, S., Fallgatter, A., Diemer, J., Kroczek, A., Domschke, K., & Ehlis, A. C. (2015). Psychophysiological effects of an iTBS modulated virtual reality challenge including participants with spider phobia. Biological Psychology, 112, 66-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho. 2015.10.003.
  53. Ougrin, D. (2011). Efficacy of exposure versus cognitive therapy in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 11(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-200.
  54. Pallavicini, F., & Bouchard, S. (2019). Assessing the therapeutic uses and effectiveness of virtual reality, augmented reality and video games for emotion regulation and stress management. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2763. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02763.
  55. Pallavicini, F., Argenton, L., Toniazzi, N., Aceti, L., & Mantovani, F. (2016). Virtual Reality Applications for Stress Management Training in the Military. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 87(12), 1021-1030. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4596.2016.
  56. Parrish, D. E., Oxhandler, H. K., Duron, J. F., Swank, P. and Bordnick, P. (2016). Feasibility of virtual reality environments for adolescent social anxiety disorder. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(7), 825-835. DOI: 10.1177/1049731514568897.
  57. Riva, G. (2017). Virtual reality in the treatment of eating and weight disorders. Psychological Medicine, 47(14), 2567-2568. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717001441.
  58. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Rinaldi, S., & Molinari, E. (1999). Virtual reality based experiential cognitive treatment of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30(3), 221-230. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7916(99)00018-x.
  59. Riva, G., & Dakanalis, A. (2018). Altered processing and integration of multisensory bodily representations and signals in eating disorders: a possible path toward the understanding of their underlying causes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 49. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00049.
  60. Riva, G., Gaudio, S., Serino, S., Dakanalis, A., Ferrer-García, M., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2018). Virtual reality for the treatment of body image disturbances in eating and weight disorders. Body Image, Eating, and Weight: A Guide to Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention, 333-351. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_25.
  61. Riva, G., Malighetti, C., Chirico, A., Di Lernia, D., Mantovani, F., & Dakanalis, A. (2020). Virtual reality. Rehabilitation Interventions in the Patient with Obesity, 189-204. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32274-8_12.
  62. Riva, G., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2015). The new dawn of virtual reality in health care: medical simulation and experiential interface. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, 3-6.
  63. Riva, G., Wiederhold, B. K., & Mantovani, F. (2019). Neuroscience of virtual reality: from virtual exposure to embodied medicine. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(1), 82-96. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.29099.gri.
  64. Rizzo, A. A., Schultheis, M., Kerns, K. A., & Mateer, C. (2004). Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 14(1-2), 207-239. DOI: 10.1080/09602010343000183.
  65. Rus-Calafell, M., Garety, P., Sason, E., Craig, T. J., & Valmaggia, L. R. (2018). Virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of psychosis: a systematic review of its utility, acceptability and effectiveness. Psychological Medicine, 48(3), 362-391. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717001945.
  66. Saffo, D., Yildirim, C., Di Bartolomeo, S., & Dunne, C. (2020, April). Crowdsourcing virtual reality experiments using vrchat. In Extended abstracts of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1-8). DOI: 10.1145/3334480.3382829.
  67. Saghafian, M., Laumann, K., Akhtar, R. S., & Skogstad, M. R. (2020). The Evaluation of Virtual Reality Fire Extinguisher Training. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 593466. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.593466.
  68. Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2005). From presence to con-sciousness through virtual reality. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(4), 332-339. DOI: 10.1038/nrn1651.
  69. Schultheis, M. T., & Rizzo, A. A. (2001). The application of virtual reality technology in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(3), 296. DOI: 10.1037/0090-5550.46.3.296.
  70. Scozzari, S., & Gamberini, L. (2011). Virtual Reality as a Tool for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review. In: Brahnam, S., Jain, L. C. (eds.). Advanced Computational Intelligence Paradigms in Healthcare 6. Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy, Rehabilitation, and Assessment. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 337. Spring-er, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  71. Shah, L. B., Torres, S., Kannusamy, P., Chng, C. M., He, H. G., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2015). Efficacy of the virtual reality-based stress management program on stress-related variables in people with mood disorders: the feasibility study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(1), 6-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2014.09.003.
  72. Shamri Zeevi, L. (2021). Making art therapy virtual: integrating virtual reality into art therapy with adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 584943. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.584943.
  73. Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2014). Transcending the self in immersive virtual reality. Computer, 47(7), 24-30. DOI: 10.1109/MC.2014.198.
  74. Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000). A virtual presence counter. Presence, 9(5), 413-434. DOI: 10.1162/105474600566925.
  75. Tieri, G., Tidoni E., Pavone E. F., & Aglioti S. M. (2015). Mere obser-vation of body discontinuity affects perceived ownership and vicarious agency over a virtual hand. Experimental Brain Research, 233, 1247-1259. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4202-3.
  76. Valmaggia, L. (2017). The use of virtual reality in psychosis research and treatment. World Psychiatry, 16(3), 246. DOI: 10.1002/wps.20443.
  77. Valmaggia, L. R., Day, F., & Rus-Calafell, M. (2016). Using virtual reality to investigate psychological processes and mechanisms associated with the onset and maintenance of psychosis: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 921-936. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1245-0.
  78. Van’t Wout-Frank, M., Shea, M. T., Larson, V. C., Greenberg, B. D., & Philip, N. S. (2019). Combined transcranial direct current stimulation with virtual reality exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: feasibility and pilot results. Brain Stimulation, 12(1), 41-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.09.011.
  79. Veling, W., Pot-Kolder, R., Counotte, J., Van Os, J., & Van der Gaag, M. (2016). Environmental social stress, paranoia and psychosis liability: a virtual reality study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(6), 1363-1371. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw031.
  80. Vilaplana-Pérez, A., Pérez-Vigil, A., Sidorchuk, A., Brander, G., Isomura, K., Hesselmark, E., & de la Cruz, L. F. (2021). Much more than just shyness: the impact of social anxiety disorder on educa-tional performance across the lifespan. Psychological Medicine, 51(5), 861-869. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291719003908.
  81. Vincelli, F., & Riva, G. (2007). La realtà Virtuale come supporto alla psicoterapia cognitivo comportamentale, in Vincelli F., Riva G., & Molinari E. (Eds.). La realtà virtuale in psicologia clinica. Nuovi percorsi di intervento nel disturbo di panico con agorafobia, pp. 67-92. Milano: McGrawHill.
  82. Vincelli, F., Molinari, E., & Riva, G. (2001). Virtual reality as clinical tool: immersion and three-dimensionality in the relationship between patient and therapist. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality (pp. 551-553). IOS Press.
  83. Waltemate, T., Gall, D., Roth, D., Botsch, M., & Latoschik, M. E. (2018). The impact of avatar personalization and immersion on virtual body ownership, presence, and emotional response. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(4), 1643-1652. DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2018.2794629.
  84. Wong Sarver, N., Beidel, D. C., & Spitalnick, J. S. (2014). The feasibility and acceptability of virtual environments in the treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(1), 63-73. DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.843461.
  85. Wrzesien, M., Burkhardt, J. M., Botella, C., & Alcañiz, M. (2015). Towards a Virtual Reality-and Augmented Reality-Mediated Therapeutic Process model: a theoretical revision of clinical issues and HCI issues. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 16(2), 124-153. DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.843461.
  86. Wykes, T., & Spaulding, W. D. (2011). Thinking about the future cognitive remediation therapy – what works and could we do better?. Schizophrenia bulletin, 37 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S80-S90. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr064.
  87. Yamada-Rice, D., Mushtaq, F., Woodgate, A., Bosmans, D., Douthwaite, A., Douthwaite, I., Harris, W., Holt, R., Kleeman, D., Marsh, J., Milovidov, E., Williams, M. M., Parry, B., Riddler, A., Robinson, P., Rodrigues, D., Thompson, S., & Whitley, S. (2017). Children and Virtual Reality: Emerging Possibilities and Challenges. DigiLitEY. UK: Turner.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...