Articoli
		
		
			N. 1 (2021)
		
		
			Il turismo backpacker nell’esperienza degli studenti universitari: analisi di un caso italiano
		
							
												
			
				
	
	
				Abstract
		Il contributo è dedicato al turismo backpacker, considerato parte del più ampio segmento del turismo giovanile. L’origine e l’evoluzione di questa forma di viaggio sono presentati e discussi attraverso l’analisi di parte della letteratura sul tema del turismo “zaino in spalla”; emergono elementi e approcci definitori, ad oggi mescolati a motivazioni ed esperienze mutate e mutevoli. La logica orientata al mercato viene, infatti, arricchita da prospettive di natura geografica, sociologica e antropologica, capaci di far emergere caratteristiche e dinamiche backpacking di grande interesse. La ricerca condotta si propone di offrire un contributo al dibattito scientifico su questo filone di indagine, presentando dati e risultati di un caso studio italiano basato sulla domanda turistica backpacker di un campione di studenti universitari.
	
				
			Riferimenti bibliografici
		
					
									- Abbasian S. (2019). Solo travellers to city destinations: an exploratory study in weden. 
- International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5: 35-50. DOI: 10.1108/IJTC-01-2018-0001 
- Adkins B.A. e Grant E.L. (2007). Backpackers as a community of strangers: The interaction order of an online backpacker notice board. Qualitative Sociology Review, 
- , 2: 188-201. 
- Adler J. (1985). Youth on the Road: Reflections on the History of Tramping. Annals of 
- Tourism Research, 12, 3: 335-354. DOI: 10.1016/0160-7383(85)90003-9 
- Agyeiwaah E., Pratt S., Iaquinto B.L. e Suntikul W. (2020). Social identity positively 
- impacts sustainable behaviors of backpackers. Tourism Geographies, 1-22. DOI: 
- 1080/14616688.2020.1819401 
- Allon F. (2004). From visiting cultures to travelling cultures: local communities, 
- backpacker tourism, and the consumption of authenticity in Sydney. Tourism. An 
- International Interdisciplinary Journal, 52, 1: 65-73. 
- Id., Anderson K. e Bushell R. (2008). Mutant Mobilities: Backpacker Tourism in 
- “Global” Sydney. Mobilities, 3, 1: 73-94. DOI: 10.1080/17450100701797323 
- Alves S., Abrantes J.L., Antunes M.J., Seabra C. e Herstein R. (2016). WOM antecedents 
- in backpacker travelers. Journal of Business Research, 69, 5: 1851-1856. DOI: 10.016/j.jbusres 
- Ateljevic I. e Doorne S. (2001). Nowhere left to run: a study of value boundaries and 
- segmentation within the backpacker market of New Zealand. In: Grouch G.I., 
- Mazanec J.R., Brent Ritchie J.R. e Woodside A.G., Consumer Psychology of Tourism, 
- Hospitality and Leisure, Vol. 2. Wallingford: CABI, 169-186. 
- Borghi R. e Celata F., a cura di (2010). Turismo critico. Immaginari geografici, performance e paradossi sulle rotte del turismo alternativo. Milano: Unicopli. 
- Brochado A. e Rita P. (2018). Exploring heterogeneity among backpackers in hostels. 
- Current Issues in Tourism, 21, 13: 1502-1520. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1252728 
- Buchanan I. e Rossetto A. (1997). With my swag upon my shoulder: a comprehensive study of international backpackers in Australia. Canberra: Bureau of Tourism Research. DOI: 10.1177/1356766709104268 
- Buchanan T. (1985). Commitment and leisure behavior: A theoretical perspective. Leisure 
- Sciences, 7, 4: 401-420. DOI: 10.1080/01490408509512133 
- Canavan B. (2018). An existentialist exploration of tourism sustainability: Backpackers 
- fleeing and finding themselves. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26, 4: 551-566. DOI: 
- 1080/09669582.2017.1361430 
- Carrabetta A. (2002). Geografia del turismo alternativo: i backpackers di Bali. Ambiente, Società e Territorio, 2, 3: 35-41 
- Ead. (2008). Italian backpackers. A phenomenon built by guidebooks. Roma: Società 
- Geografica Italiana. 
- Ead. (2010). Il turismo alternativo come pratica sociale: il backpackers. In: Borghi R. e 
- Celata F., a cura di, Turismo critico. Immaginari geografici, performance e paradossi sulle rotte del turismo alternativo. Milano: Unicopli, 157-172. 
- Chen G., Bao J. e Huang S. (2014). Developing a scale to measure backpackers’ 
- personal development. Journal of Travel Research, 53, 4: 522-536. DOI: 10.1177/ 
-  
- Id. e Huang S. (2019). Backpacker tourism: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75, 1: 158-161. DOI: 10.1108/TR-06-2019-0271 
- Id., Zhao L. e Huang S. (2020). Backpacker identity: Scale development and validation. 
- Journal of Travel Research, 59, 2: 281-294. DOI: 10.1177/0047287519829255 
- Cohen E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 164-182. www.jstor.org/stable/40970087 
- Id. (1973). Nomads from Affluence: Notes on the Phenomenon of Drifter-Tourism. 
- International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 14, 1-2: 89-103. DOI: 10.1177/002071527301400107 
- Id. (2018). Backpacker enclaves research: achievements, critique and alternative 
- approaches. Tourism Recreation Research, 43, 1: 105-116. DOI: 10.1080/02508281. 
- 1388572 
- Cohen S.A. (2011). Lifestyle travellers: Backpacking as a way of life. Annals of Tourism 
- Research, 38, 4: 1535-1555. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.002 
- Collins-Kreiner N., Yonay Y. e Even M. (2018). Backpacking memories: a retrospective 
- approach to the narratives of young backpackers. Tourism Recreation Research, 43, 3: 
- -412. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2018.1464637 
- Courant S. (2013). Backpackers et carnets de voyage, récit biographique d’une expérience itinérante. Téoros: Revue de Recherche en Tourisme, 32, 1: 112-121. http://journals.openedition.org/teoros/2393 
- David A. (2020). Rites of Backpacking: An Ethnographic Study of Backpacker Culture and Identity in Western Europe. Anthropology Senior Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 
- -23-2020. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/203 
- Dayour F., Adongo C.A. e Taale F. (2016). Determinants of backpackers’ expenditure. 
- Tourism Management Perspectives, 17: 36-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.11.003 
- Id., Kimbu A.N. e Park S. (2017). Backpackers: The need for reconceptualisation. Annals of Tourism Research, 66: 191-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2017.06.004 
- Demeter T. e Brătucu G. (2014). Typologies of Youth Tourism. Bulletin of the Transilvania 
- University of Braşov, Economic Sciences, 7: 115-122. http://webbut.unitbv.ro/BU2014/ 
- Series%20V/BULETIN%20V%20PDF/16_DEMETER_BRATUCU.pdf 
- Desforges L. (1998). Checking out the planet: Global Representations. Local Identities 
- and Youth Travel. In: Skelton T., Valentine G., a cura di, Cool Places. Geographies of 
- Youth Cultures. London, New York: Routledge, 175-192. 
- Doorne S. (1993). Expenditure patterns of backpackers. In: Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference of the New Zealand Geographical Society. Wellington: Victoria University. 
- Edensor T. (2000). Staging tourism: Tourists as performers. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 2: 322-344. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00082-1 
- Ejarque J. (2015). Social Media Marketing per il turismo: Come costruire il marketing 2.0 e gestire la reputazione della destinazione. Milano: Hoepli. 
- Elsrud T. (1998). Time creation in travelling: The taking and making of time 
- among women backpackers. Time & Society, 7, 2-3: 309-334. DOI: 10.1177/0961463X98007002008 
- Emanueli L. e Lobosco G. (2015). Infrastrutture e turismo: nuove relazioni e strategie di 
- riconversione. In: Atti della XVIII Conferenza Nazionale SIU, 45: 1572-1579. 
- Gavinelli D. e Zanolin G. (2020). Geografia del turismo contemporaneo. Pratiche, 
- narrazioni e luoghi. Roma: Carocci. 
- Gibson D. (2016). The history and origin of backpacker travel-from tramping to 
- flashpacker. School of Tourism and Hospitality Management Research Series, 1, 5. http://repository.usp.ac.fj/9378 
- Guerreiro C., Cambria E. e Nguyen H.T. (2019). Understanding the role of social media 
- in backpacker tourism. In: 2019 International Conference on Data Mining Workshops 
- ICDMW November, 530-537. 
- Haggard L.M. e Williams D.R. (1992). Identity affirmation through leisure activities: 
- Leisure symbols of the self. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 1: 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/00222216.1992.11969868 
- Haigh R. (1995). Backpackers in Australia. Canberra: Bureau of Tourism Research. 
- Hampton M.P. (1998) Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 3: 639-660. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00021-8 
- Id. (2013). Backpacker Tourism and Economic Development: Perspectives from the less 
- developed world. London, New York: Routledge. 
- Id. e Hamzah A. (2016). Change, Choice, and Commercialization: Backpacker Routes in 
- Southeast Asia. Growth and Change, 47, 4: 556-571. DOI: 10.1111/grow.12143 
- Hannam K. e Ateljevic I., a cura di (2008). Backpacker Tourism: Concepts and Profiles. 
- Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Channel View Publications. 
- Id. e Dieckmann I., a cura di (2010). Beyond backpacker tourism-mobilities and experiences. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Channel View Publications. 
- Hecht J. e Martin D. (2006). Backpacking and hostel‐picking: an analysis from Canada. 
- International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18, 1: 69-77. DOI: 
- 1108/09596110610641993 
- Hiransomboon K. (2012). Marketing mix affecting accommodation service buying 
- decisions of backpacker tourist traveling at Inner Rattanakosin Island in Bangkok, 
- Thailand. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3: 276-283. DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00152-9 
- Horak S. e Weber S. (2000). Youth tourism in Europe: Problems and prospects. Tourism 
- Recreation Research, 25, 3: 37-44. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2000.11014923 
- Iaquinto B.L. (2018). Backpacker mobilities: inadvertent sustainability amidst 
- the fluctuating pace of travel. Mobilities, 13, 4: 569-583. DOI: 10.1080/17450101.2017.1394682 
- Id. e Pratt S. (2020). Practicing sustainability as a backpacker: The role of nationality. 
- International Journal of Tourism Research, 22, 1: 100-107. DOI: 10.1002/jtr.2321 
- Jarvis J. e Peel V. (2013). Tourists for hire: International working holidaymakers in a 
- work-based destination in regional Australia. Tourism Management, 37: 114-124. DOI: 
- 1016/j.tourman.2012.10.014 
- Jensen O.B. (2009). Flows of Meaning, Cultures of Movements. Urban Mobility as 
- Meaningful Everyday Life Practice. Mobilities, 4: 139-158. DOI: 10.1080/17450100802658002 
- Jonas A. e Mansfeld Y. (2017). Exploring the interplay between the use of risk-related 
- information, risk perception formation, and the stages of travel product consumption. 
- Current Issues in Tourism, 20, 14: 1470-1488. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1024104 
- Kanning M. (2013). Returning home: Reflections on lifestyle transformation resulting 
- from international backpacker travels. In: Reisinger Y., a cura di, Transformational 
- Tourism: Tourist Perspectives. Wallingford: CABI, 125-135. 
- Larsen S., Øgaard T. e Brun W. (2011). Backpackers and mainstreamers: Realities and 
- myths. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, 2: 690-707. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.003 
- Loker L. (1993). The backpacker phenomenon II: more answeres to further questions. 
- Townsville: Department of Tourism, James Cook University of North Queensland. 
- Loker-Murphy L. (1996). Backpackers in Australia: A motivation-based segmentation 
- study. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 54, 4: 23-45. DOI: 10.1300/ 
- J073v05n04_02 
- Id. e Pearce P.L. (1995). Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of 
- Tourism Research, 22, 4: 819-843. DOI: 10.1016/0160-7383(95)00026-0 
- Maoz D. (2006a). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 1: 221-239. DOI: 
- 1016/j.annals.2005.10.010 
- Ead. (2006b). Erikson on the tour. Tourism Recreation Research, 31: 55-63. DOI: 
- 1080/02508281.2006.11081505 
- Ead. (2007a). Backpackers’ motivations the role of culture and nationality. Annals of 
- Tourism Research, 34, 1: 122-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.008 
- Ead. (2007b). The backpacking journey of Israeli women in mid-life. In: Hannam K. e 
- Ateljevic I., a cura di, Backpacker tourism: Concepts and profiles. Clevedon, Buffalo, 
- Toronto: Channel View Publications, 188-198. 
- Martins M.R., Rachão S. e Costa R.A.D. (2018). Electronic word of mouth: Does it really 
- matter to backpackers? Booking website reviews as an indicator for hostels’ quality 
- services. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 19, 4: 415-441. DOI: 
- 1080/1528008X.2018.1429980 
- Mascheroni G. (2007). Le comunità viaggianti: socialità reticolare e mobile dei viaggiatori indipendenti. Milano: FrancoAngeli. 
- Matthews A. (2014). Young backpackers and the rite of passage of travel: examining the transformative effects of liminality. Travel and Transformation, 157-171. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/565964 
- Moisă C.O. (2010). The Organization of Youth Travel at a Global Level. Journal of Travel, 
- , 9: 69-74. https://ideas.repec.org/a/scm/rdtusv/v9y2010i9p69-74.html 
- Møller Jensen J. e Hjalager A.M. (2019). Travel motivations of first-time, repeat, 
- and serial backpackers. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19, 4: 465-477. DOI: 
- 1177/1467358418781440 
- Mukerji C. (1978). Bullshitting: Road lore among hitchhikers. Social Problems, 25, 3: 241-252. DOI: 10.1525/sp.1978.25.3.03a00020 
- Murphy L. (2001). Exploring social interaction of backpackers, Journal of Travel & 
- Tourism Marketing, 28, 1: 50-67. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00003-7 
- Muzaini H. (2006). Backpacking Southeast Asia: strategies of “looking local”. Annals of 
- Tourism Research, 33, 1: 144-161. DOI: 1080/13683500.2014.920771 
- Myers L. e Hannam K. (2008). Women as backpacker tourists: a feminist analysis of 
- destination choice and social identities from the UK. In: Hannam K. e Atelievic I., a 
- cura di, Backpacker tourism: Concepts and profiles. Wallingford: CABI, 174-187. 
- Nash R., Thyne M. e Davies S. (2006). An investigation into customer satisfaction levels 
- in the budget accommodation sector in Scotland: A case study of backpacker tourists 
- and the Scottish Youth Hostels Association. Tourism Management, 27, 3: 525-532. 
- DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.01.001 
- Noy C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 1: 78-102. DOI: 0.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004 
- O’Reilly C.C. (2005). Tourist or traveller? Narrating backpacker identity. Discourse, 
- communication and tourism. In: Jaworski A. e Pritchard A., a cura di, Discourse, 
- communication, and tourism. Toronto: Channel View Publications, 150-169. 
- Id. (2006). From drifter to gap year tourist: Mainstreaming backpacker travel. Annals of 
- Tourism Research, 33, 4: 998-1017. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.04.002 
- Oliveira-Brochado A. e Gameiro C. (2013). Toward a better understanding of 
- backpackers’ motivations. Tékhne, 11, 2: 92-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.tekhne.2013.11.001 
- Ooi N. e Laing J.H. (2010). Backpacker tourism: sustainable and purposeful? Investigating the overlap between backpacker tourism and volunteer tourism motivations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 2: 191-206. DOI: 10.1080/09669580903395030 
- Paris C.M. (2012). Flashpackers: An emerging sub-culture? Annals of Tourism Research, 
- (2): 1094-1115. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.001 
- Id., Musa G. e Thirumoorthi T. (2015). A comparison between Asian and Australasia 
- backpackers using cultural consensus analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 18, 2: 175- 
- DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2014.920771 
- Id. e Teye V. (2010). Backpacker motivations: A travel career approach. Journal 
- of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19, 3: 244-259. DOI: 10.1080/ 
-  
- Pearce P.L. (1990). The backpacker phenomenon: preliminary answers to basic questions. Townsville: Department of Tourism, James Cook University of North Queensland. 
- Id. e Son A. (2004). Youth tourism markets in Australia: Comparing the travel behaviours of international English language students and backpackers. Tourism, 52, 4: 341-350. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/7166 
- Id. e Maoz D. (2008). Novel insights into the identity changes among backpackers. 
- Tourism Culture & Communication, 8, 1: 27-43. DOI: 10.3727/109830408783900325 
- Pereira A. e Silva C. (2018). Motivations and experiences of women solo travellers. 
- International Journal of Multidisciplinarity in Business and Science, 4, 5: 134-138. 
- https://hrcak.srce.hr/205541 
- Pitanatri P.D.S. e Pitana I.G. (2019). What Do We Know About Flashpacker? A Review. 
- In: Proceeding of the 3rd Bali International Tourism Conference, 26-27 September, 615- 
-  
- Piyaphanee W., Shantavasinkul P., Phumratanaprapin W., Udomchaisakul P., 
- Wichianprasat P., Benjavongkulchai M., e Tantawichian T. (2010). Rabies exposure 
- risk among foreign backpackers in Southeast Asia. The American journal of tropical 
- medicine and hygiene, 82(6): 1168-1171. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0699 
- Reichenberger I. (2017). Why the host community just isn’t enough: Processes and 
- impacts of backpacker social interactions. Tourist Studies, 17, 3: 263-282. DOI: 
- 1177/1468797616665770 
- Reitano S. (2020). Flashpackers. Nuovi scenari per il viaggiatore contemporaneo, Tesi di 
- laurea Magistrale, Scuola ARC III - Scuola del Design, Anno accademico 2018/2019, 
- Politecnico di Milano. 
- Richards G. (2006). ISTC/UNWTO Survey on Student and Youth Tourism among 
- National Tourism Administrations/Organizations. In: UNWTO Tourism Market 
- Trends, 2005 Edition, World Overview & Tourism Topics. Madrid: UNWTO, 
- -123. 
- Id. (2007). New Horizon II: The Young Independent Travellers. Amsterdam: World Youth Student & Educational Travel Confederation. 
- Id. (2015). The new global nomads: Youth travel in a globalizing world. Tourism 
- Recreation Research, 40(3): 340-352. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2015.1075724 
- Id. e King B. (2003). Youth travel and backpacking. Travel & Tourism Analyst, 6: 1-23. 
- www.academia.edu/5335591/Backpacking_and_Youth_Travel 
- Id. e Wilson J. (2004). The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice. 
- Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto, Sydney: Channel View Publications. 
- Id. e Ead. (2005). Youth Tourism. Finally coming of age? In: Novelli M., a cura di, Niche 
- Tourism. Contemporary issues, trends and cases. London, New York: Routledge, 39-46. 
- Riley P.J. (1988). Road culture of international long-term budget travelers. Annals of 
- Tourism Research, 15, 3: 313-328. DOI: 10.1177/004728758902700363 
- Ross G.F. (1993). Ideal and actual images of backpacker visitors to Northern Australia. 
- Journal of Travel Research, 32(2): 54-57. DOI: 10.1177/004728759303200208 
- Id. (1997). Backpacker achievement and environmental controllability as visitor 
- motivators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 6, 2: 69-82. DOI: 10.1300/ 
- J073v06n02_04 
- Ryan C. e Mohsin A. (2001). Backpackers: Attitudes to the ‘outback’. Journal of Travel & 
- Tourism Marketing, 10, 1: 69-92. DOI: 10.1300/J073v10n01_05 
- Salvaggio M.J. (2016). Bursting the Backpacker Bubble: Exploring Backpacking ideology, Practices and Contradicitons. UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/290 
- Sans A.A. e Quaglieri A. (2016). Unravelling Airbnb: Urban perspectives from Barcelona. In: Russo A.P. e Richards G., a cura di, Reinventing the local in tourism: Producing, consuming and negotiating place. Bristol: Channel View Publications, 209-228. 
- Scheyvens R. (2002). Backpacker tourism and third world development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 1: 144-164. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00030-5 
- Sgritta G.B. e Staffieri S. (2011). I giovani, la crisi, il welfare. In: Pizzuti F.R., Rapporto 
- sullo stato sociale 2011. Napoli: Edizioni Simone. 
- Shaffer T.S. (2004). Performing backpacking: Constructing “authenticity” every 
- step of the way. Text and performance quarterly, 24, 2: 139-160. DOI: 10.1080/ 
-  
- Shokoohyar S. (2019). Determinants of Backpackers’ Perceptions of Security? A WOMbased Approach. E-review of Tourism Research, 16, 4: 249-270. https://journals.tdl.org/ertr/index.php/ertr/article/view/370 
- Slaughter L. (2004). Profiling the international backpacker market in Australia. In: 
- Richards G. e Wilson J., a cura di, The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and 
- Practice. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto, Sydney: Channel View Publications, 168-179. 
- Sørensen A. (2003). Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 4: 847-867. 
- DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00063-X 
- Teas J. (1974). I Study Monkeys. What Do you Do? Youthful Travelers in Nepal. Paper 
- presented to the Symposium on Tourism and Culture at the 1974 Annual Meeting of 
- the American Anthropological Association. 
- UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization, World Youth Student, 
- Educational Travel Confederation (2008). Youth travel matters: Understanding the 
- Global Phenomenon of Youth Travel. Madrid: UNWTO. 
- Uriely N. (2015). Exploring the post tourist: Guidelines for future research. In: Singh 
- T.V., a cura di, Challenges in tourism research. Bristol: Channel View Publications: 
- -38. 
- Id., Yonay Y. e Simchai D. (2002). Backpacking experiences: A type and form analysis. 
- Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 2: 520-538. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00075-5 
- Vance P. (2004). Backpacker transport choice: a conceptual framework applied to New 
- Zealand. In: Richards G. e Wilson J., a cura di, The Global Nomad: Backpacker 
- Travel in Theory and Practice. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto, Sydney: Channel View 
- Publications, 237-250. 
- Veríssimo M. e Costa C. (2018). Understanding the new backpackers: A literature review. 
- Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento/Journal of Tourism & Development, 29: 7-19. http://each.usp.br/turismo/publicacoesdeturismo/ref.php?id=48777 
- Visentin A. (2013). Turismo backpacker in Australia. Bachelor’s thesis, Venezia: Università Ca’ Foscari. 
- Visser G. e Barker C. (2004). A geography of British backpacker tourists in South Africa. 
- Geography, 226-239. DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2004.12094100 
- Vogt J.W. (1976). Wandering: Youth and travel behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 4,1: 25-41. DOI: 10.1016/0160-7383(76)90051-7 
- Wantono A. e McKercher B. (2020). Backpacking and risk perception: the case of 
- solo Asian women. Tourism Recreation Research, 45, 1: 19-29. DOI: 10.1080/ 
- 2019.1636180 
- Westerhausen K. e Macbeth J. (2003). Backpackers and empowered local communities: 
- Natural allies in the struggle for sustainability and local control? Tourism Geographies, 
- , 1: 71-86. DOI: 10.1080/1461668032000034088 
- Wheeler T. (2010). The lonely planet story/Tony & Maureen Wheeler. Head Office 90 
- Maribyrnong St, Footscray, Victoria, 3011, Australia. 
- Wilson J. e Richards G. (2008). Suspending reality: An exploration of enclaves and the 
- backpacker experience. Current Issues in Tourism, 11, 2: 187-202. DOI: 10.2167/ 
- cit371.0 
- Wiweka K., Wachyuni S.S., Simawang S.P., Adnyana P. e Wihartaty E. (2019). Current 
- issues of backpacking tourism development: profile and characteristics of “sharecost” 
- and “opentrip” tourist. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 1-12. 
- DOI: 10.9734/jesbs/2019/v30i230124 
- Yang E.C.L. (2020). What motivates and hinders people from travelling alone? 
- A study of solo and non-solo travellers. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-14. DOI: 
- 1080/13683500.2020.1839025 
- Zhang J., Morrison A.M., Tucker H. e Wu B. (2018). Am I a backpacker? Factors 
- indicating the social identity of Chinese backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 57,4: 
- -539. DOI: 10.1177/0047287517702744