Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito

Articoli

N. 1 (2024)

Spazi informali e interstizi urbani lungo la Rotta Balcanica (1): il refugee hub di Belgrado

  • Dragan Umek
  • Claudio Minca
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/rgioa1-2024oa17376
Inviata
28 febbraio 2024
Pubblicato
21-03-2024

Abstract

Il presente lavoro, frutto di ricerche sul campo sviluppatesi nell’arco di otto anni (2015-2023), intende porre in evidenza l’evoluzione, i tratti comuni e le diversità che hanno caratterizzato le città di Belgrado e Trieste nell’affrontare la medesima crisi umanitaria, quella che dall’estate del 2015 ha stravolto le politiche europee sull’immigrazione e messo a dura prova i sistemi di accoglienza locali. Per esigenze editoriali, la nostra analisi sarà proposta in due ‘momenti’ concettualmente unitari seppur presentati in due distinti articoli: qui viene discusso il posizionamento del progetto rispetto alla letteratura esistente, la metodologia adottata e il caso di Belgrado; nell’articolo successivo (intitolato: Spazi informali e interstizi urbani lungo la Rotta Balcanica (2): Trieste Endgame e pubblicato nel prossimo numero di questa rivista) sarà presa in esame la capitale adriatica e, nelle conclusioni, si proporranno spunti di riflessione validi per il saggio nel suo complesso. La nostra analisi si articola pertanto partendo dalla ‘contro-mappatura’ di alcuni interstizi urbani trasformati dalla presenza di profughi e richiedenti asilo, per poi prendere in considerazione le geografie formali e informali prodotte dalle rispettive politiche dell’accoglienza messe in atto nelle due città – incluso il ruolo delle autorità e delle organizzazioni umanitarie e di volontariato.

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Adami A. (2018). Corpo migrante. Pratiche di controllo e di resistenza lungo il paesaggio di confine europeo meridionale. DEP, 36: 111-127.
  2. Agier M. (2002). Between War and City. Towards an Urban Anthropology of Refugee Camps. Ethnography, 3(3): 317-341. DOI: 10.1177/146613802401092779
  3. Agier M., Bouagga Y., Galisson M. (2018). La jungle de Calais. Parigi: Puf.
  4. Altin R. (2019) Sostare ai margini: richiedenti asilo tra confinamento e accoglienza diffusa. ANUAC. Rivista della Società Italiana di Antropologia Culturale, 8(2): 7-35. DOI: 10.7340/anuac2239-625X-3680
  5. Amoore L. (2006). Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political Geography, 25(3): 336-351. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.001
  6. Aru S. (2021). Abandonment, Agency, Control: Migrants’ Camps in Ventimiglia. Antipode, 53: 1619-1638. DOI: 10.1111/anti.12738
  7. Belloni M. (2019) The Big Gamble. The migration of Eritreans to Europe. Oakland: UC Press.
  8. Beznec B., Speer M., Stojić-Mitrović M., (2016). Governing the Balkan Route: Macedonia, Serbia and the European Border Regime. Research Paper Series of Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe, no. 5, Belgrado.
  9. Beznec B., Hameršak M., Hess S., Kurnik A., Speer M., Stojić-Mitrović M., a cura di (2020). The Frontier Within: The European Border Regime in the Balkans. Movements. Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies, 5(1).
  10. Bird G., Obradović-Wochnik J., Ruseell Beattie A., Rozbicka P. (2020). The “badlands” of the “Balkan Route”: Policy and spatial effects on urban refugee housing. Global Policy, 12: 28-40. DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12808
  11. Bredeloup S. (2013). The figure of the adventurer as an African migrant. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 25(2): 170-182. DOI: 10.1080/13696815.2012.751870
  12. Brighenti A., a cura di (2013). Urban Interstices: the Aesthetics and the Politics of the Inbetween. Londra: Routledge.
  13. Brivio A. (2013). La città che esclude. Immigrazione e appropriazione dello spazio pubblico a Milano. Antropologia, 13: 39-62. DOI: 10.14672/ada2013184%25p
  14. Brown W. (2017). Border Barriers as Sovereign Swords: Rethinking Walled States in Light of the EU Migrant and Fiscal Crises. In: Jones R., Johnson C., Brown W., Popescu G., Pallister-Wilkins P., Alison Mountz A., Gilbert E., a cura di, Interventions on the State of Sovereignty at the Border. Political Geography, 59: 1-10. DOI:10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.02.006
  15. Campos-Delgado A. (2018). Counter-mapping migration: irregular migrants’ stories through cognitive mapping. Mobilities, 13(4): 488-504. DOI: 1080/17450101.2017.1421022
  16. Cantat C. (2020). The Rise and Fall of Migration Solidarity in Belgrade. In: Beznec B., Hameršak M., Hess S., Kurnik A., Speer M., Stojić-Mitrović M., a cura di, The Frontier Within: The European Border Regime in the Balkans. Movements, Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies, 5(1): 97-123.
  17. Ciabarri L. (2014). Dynamics and Representations of Migration Corridors: The Rise and Fall of the Libya Lampedusa Route and Forms of Mobility from the Horn of Africa (2000-2009). ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 13(2): 246-262.
  18. Ciprelli S. (2015). La nuova Belgrado all’Eagle Hill, Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 22/01/2015. www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Serbia/La-Nuova-Belgrado-all-Eagle-Hill-158236
  19. Collins J., Minca C., Carter-White R. (2022). The camp as a custodian institution: the case of Krnjača Asylum Centre, Belgrade, Serbia. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2154241
  20. Council of the European Union (2017). Report of the Fact-Finding Mission by Ambassador Tomáš Boček. Special Representative of the Secretary General on migration and refugees to Serbia and two transit zones in Hungary, 12-16 June 2017; Information Documents SG/Inf (2017) 33.
  21. Davies T., Isakjee A., Dhesi S. (2019). Informal Migrant Camps. In: Mitchell K., Jones R., Fluri Jl., a cura di, Handbook on Critical Geographies of Migration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  22. El-Shaarawi N., Razsa M. (2019). Movements upon movements: Refugee and activist struggles to open the Balkan route to Europe. History and Anthropology, 30: 91-112. DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2018.1530668
  23. European Parliament (2016). Serbia’s role in dealing with the migration crisis. Briefing.
  24. Ottobre 2016. In: www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/es/document (consultato luglio 2022).
  25. Fontanari E., Ambrosini M. (2018). Into the Interstices: Everyday Practices of Refugees and their Supporters in Europe’s Migration Crisis. Sociology, 53(3): 587-603. DOI: 10.1177/0038038518759458
  26. Foschini F. (2019). Trieste. La rotta balcanica e il ‘decreto sicurezza’. In: Clionet. Per un senso del tempo e dei luoghi. Numero 3, Società e cultura Polis, 267-272. https://rivista.clionet.it/vol3/societa-e-cultura/polis/foschini-trieste-2019-la-rotta-balcanica-eil-decreto-sicurezza (consultato agosto 2022).
  27. Hameršak M., Pleše I. (2018). Confined in Movement: The Croatian Section of the Balkan Refugee Corrdior. In: Bužinkić E., Hameršak M., a cura di, Formation and Disintegration of the Balkan Refugee Corridor. Zagabria: Nova etnografija.
  28. Hameršak M., Pleše I. (2017). Winter Reception and Transit Center in the Republic of Croatia: An Ethnographic View of the Slavonski Brod Refugee Camp. Narodna umjetnost, 54(1): 101-127. DOI: 10.15176/vol54no106
  29. Hatziprokopiou P., Papatzani E., Pastore F., Roman E. (2021). ‘Constrained mobility’: a feature of protracted displacement in Greece and Italy. Forced Migration Review, (68): 59-62.
  30. Hess S., Kasparek B., Kron S., Rodatz M., Schwertl M., Sontowski S. (2017). Der lange Sommer der Migration. Krise, Rekonstitution und ungewisse Zukunft des europäischen Grenzregimes. In: Hess S., Kasparek B., Kron S., Rodatz M., Schwertl M., Sontowski S., a cura di, Der lange Sommer der Migration. Grenzregime III. Amburgo: Assoziation A. International Organization for Migration - IOM (2020). Quarterly Regional report for DTM Europe, July-September 2020. https://migration.iom.int/reports/europe-mixedmigration-flows-europe-quarterly-overview-april-june-2020 (consultato settembre 2020).
  31. Jefferson A.S., Turner S., Jensenc S. (2019). Introduction: On Stuckness and Sites of Confinement. Ethnos, 84(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1080/00141844.2018.1544917
  32. Jordan J., Minca C. (2023a). Makeshift camp geographies and informal migration corridors. Progress in Human Geography, 47(2): 197-214. DOI: 10.1177/03091325231154878
  33. Jordan J., Minca C. (2023b). Micro-Politics of a Makeshift Refugee Camp: The Grafosrem Factory in Šid, Serbia. Antipode, 55: 480-505. DOI: 10.1111/anti.12905
  34. Jordan J., Moser S. (2020). Researching migrants in informal transit camps along the Balkan Route: Reflections on volunteer activism, access, and reciprocity. Area, 52: 566-574. DOI: 10.1111/area.12614
  35. Jovanović T. (2020). Transformations of Humanitarian Aid and Response Modes to Migration Movements. A Case Study of the Miksalište Center in Belgrade. Movements. Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies, 5(1): 125-147.
  36. Kasparek B. (2016). Routes, Corridors, and Spaces of Exception: Governing Migration and Europe, Near Futures Online, 1: Europe at a Crossroads. http://nearfuturesonline.org/routes-corridors-and-spaces-of-exception-governing-migration-and-europe
  37. Kasparek B., Speer M. (2015). Of Hope. Ungarn und der lange Sommer der Migration, 2015. https://bordermonitoring.eu/ungarn/2015/09/of-hope (consultato settembre 2022).
  38. Katz I., Martin D., Minca C., a cura di (2018). Camps Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology. Londra: Rowman & Littlefield.
  39. KIRS (Komesarijat za Izbeglice i Migracije) (2017). Over-view of the activities undertaken during the increased influx of migrants. www.kirs.gov.rs/articles/navigate.php?type1=3&lang=ENG&id=2330&date=0 (consultato luglio 2022).
  40. KIRS (2022). Asylum and Reception Centers. https://kirs.gov.rs/lat/azil/profili-centara (consultato agosto 2022).
  41. Lažetić M., Jovanović T. (2018). Belgrade, Serbia: a Case Study of Refugees in Towns. Refugees in Towns project, Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. https: static1.squarespace.com
  42. Mandić D. (2017). Anatomy of a Refugee Wave: Forced Migration on the Balkan Route as Two Processes. Council for European Studies at Columbia University, Europe Now. www.europenowjournal.org/2017/01/04/anatomy-of-a-refugee-wave-forced-migrationon-the-balkan-route-as-two-processes
  43. Mandić D. (2018). A migrant ‘hot potato’ system: The transit camp and urban integration in a bridge society. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(6): 799-815. DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2018.1490153
  44. Martin D., Minca C., Katz I., a cura di (2020). Rethinking the camp: On spatial technologies of power and resistance. Progress in Human Geography, 44(4): 743-768. DOI: 10.1177/0309132519856702
  45. Martinez O. (2014). La Bestia. Il treno della speranza per i migranti in fuga dalla povertà e dai narcos. Roma: Fazi Editore.
  46. McDonogh G.W. (1993). The geography of emptiness. In: Rotenberg R., Mcdonogh G.W., a cura di, The cultural meaning of urban space. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
  47. Mezzadra A., Neilsen B. (2013). Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor. Durham: Duke University Press.
  48. Minca C. (2021). Tattiche spaziali e emergenza: Qualche riflessione su biopolitica, mobilità e soggetto. In: Iacoli G., Papotti D., Peterle G., Quaquarelli L., a cura di, Culture della mobilità: immaginazioni, rotture, riappropriazioni del movimento. Firenze: Franco Cesati.
  49. Minca C., Collins J. (2021). The Game: Or, ‘the making of migration’ along the Balkan Route. Political Geography, 91: 102480. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102490
  50. Minca C., Šantić D., Umek D. (2018a). Walking the Balkan Route. In: Katz I., Martin D., Minca C., a cura di, The Camp Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology. Londra: Rowman & Littlefield, 35-59.
  51. Minca C., Umek D., Šantić D. (2018b). Managing the ‘refugee crisis’ along the Balkan Route: field notes from Serbia. In: Menjivar C., Ruiz M., Ness I., a cura di, The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  52. Minca C., Umek D. (2020). The new refugee ‘Balkan Route’: Field notes from the Bosnian border. Rivista geografica italiana, 127(1): 5-35. DOI: 10.3280/RGI2020-001001
  53. Mountz A. (2010). Seeking Asylum. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
  54. Obradović-Wochnik J. (2018). Urban geographies of refugee journeys: Biopolitics, neoliberalism and contestation over public space in Belgrade. Political Geography, 67: 65-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.08.017
  55. Politika (2017). Migranti autobusima iz baraka u prihvatne centre, 17/11/2017. www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/372272/Migranti-autobusima-iz-baraka-u-prihvatne-centre (consultato agosto 2022).
  56. Queirolo Palmas L., Rahola F. (2020). Underground Europe. Lungo le rotte migranti. Milano: Meltemi.
  57. Rea A., Martiniello M., Mazzola A., Meuleman B., a cura di (2019). The Refugee Reception Crisis in Europe. Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations. Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
  58. Šantić D., Antić M. (2020). Serbia in the time of Covid-19: between “corona diplomacy”, tough measures and migration management. In: Eurasian Geography and Economics, Londra: Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2020.1780457
  59. Seichter C.Z., Nessler M., Knopf P. (2020). Mapping In-Betweenness: The Refugee District in Belgrade in the Context of Migration, Urban Development and Border Regimes. Movements, Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies, 5(1): 207-215. DOI: 10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4480
  60. Šelo Šabić S., Borić S. (2016). At the Gate of Europe: A Report on Refugees on the Western Balkan Route. Zagabria: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
  61. Sicurella F. (2014). Belgrado sull’acqua. Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 06/02/2014. www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Serbia/Belgrado-sull-acqua-147583 (consultato maggio 2023).
  62. Squire V. (2020). Hidden Geographies of the ‘Mediterranean migration crisis’. Politics and Space, 40(5): 1048-1063. DOI: 10.1177/2399654420935904
  63. Tazzioli M. (2020a). Governing migrant mobility through mobility: Containment and dispersal at the internal frontiers of Europe. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 38(1): 3-19. DOI: 10.1177/2399654419839065
  64. Tazzioli M. (2020b). The Making of Migration: The Biopolitics of Mobility at Europe’s Borders. Londra: SAGE.
  65. Tazzioli M., Garelli G. (2019). Counter-mapping, refugees and asylum borders. In: Handbook on Critical Geographies of Migration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  66. The Daily Mail (2017). Food queue with echoes of Europe’s dark past: Freezing migrants wait for aid in Belgrade today in pictures chillingly similar to those from the Second World War, 10/01/2017. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4107102/Belgrade-migrants-waitfood-pictures-similar-Second-World-War (consultato agosto 2022).
  67. The Guardian (2017). Influx of refugees leaves Belgrade at risk of becoming ‘new Calais’, 14/01/2017. www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/14/influx-of-refugees-meansbelgrade-risks-becoming-new-calais (consultato agosto 2022).
  68. The New York Times (2017). The Desperate Conditions inside a Serbian Migrant Camp, 24/01/2017. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/24/world/europe/belgrade-serbiamigrant-camp.html (consultato agosto 2022).
  69. Umek D. (2020) Geografie informali lungo la “rotta balcanica”: campi, rotte e confini nell’Europa Sudorientale. In: Zilli S., Modaffari G., a cura di, Confin(at)i/Bound(aries). Firenze: Memorie geografiche della Società di Studi Geografici.
  70. Umek D., Minca C., Šantić D. (2019). The refugee Camp as Geopolitics: The Case of Preševo Serbia. In: Paradiso M., a cura di, Mediterranean Mobilities. Londra: Springer.
  71. Umek D., Šantić D. (2020). Il sistema di accoglienza dei rifugiati in Serbia e le nuove geografie del “custody and care”. In: Zilli S., Modaffari G., a cura di, Confin(at)i/Bound(aries). Firenze: Memorie geografiche della Società di Studi Geografici.
  72. Vasudevan A. (2015a). Metropolitan Preoccupations: The Spatial Politics of Squatting in Berlin. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  73. Vasudevan A. (2015b). The Autonomous City: Towards a Critical Geography of Occupation. Progress in Human Geography, 39(3): 316-337. DOI: 10.1177/0309132514531470
  74. Vasudevan A. (2015c). The Makeshift City: Towards a Global Geography of Squatting. Progress in Human Geography, 39(3): 338-359. DOI: 10.1177/0309132514531471
  75. Vasudevan A. (2017a). Squatting the City. The Architectural Review, 1442 (July/August): 8-14.
  76. Vasudevan A. (2017b). The Autonomous City: A History of Urban Squatting. Londra: Verso.
  77. Wright H. (2015). Belgrade Waterfront: an unlikely place for Gulf petrodollars to settle. The Guardian, 10/12/2015. www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/dec/10/belgradewaterfront-gulf-petrodollars-exclusive-waterside-development (consultato agosto 2022).
  78. Wyss A. (2019). Stuck in Mobility? Interrupted Journeys of Migrants with Precarious Legal Status in Europe. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 17(1): 77-93. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2018.1514091
  79. Župarić-Iljić D., Valenta M. (2018). Refugee Crisis’ in the Southeastern European Countries: The Rise and Fall of the Balkan Corridor. In: Menjivar C., Ruiz M., Ness I., a cura di, The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...