Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito

Articoli

N. 4 (2021)

Crisi economica e natalità delle imprese in Italia (2008-2019): quale ruolo per le regioni metropolitane?

  • Maria Antonietta Clerici
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/rgioa4-2021oa12958
Inviata
19 novembre 2021
Pubblicato
03-12-2021

Abstract

La creazione di nuove imprese è un importante aspetto dell’imprenditorialità e un indicatore della vitalità economica dei territori. Questo articolo analizza l’andamento dei tassi di natalità delle imprese in Italia nell’arco temporale 2008-2019, utilizzando i dati del registro Infocamere-Movimprese. La Grande Recessione ha determinato un calo dei tassi di natalità misurati come rapporto fra nuove imprese e popolazione in età lavorativa. Tuttavia, in Italia, a differenza di altri paesi, la traiettoria declinante è proseguita anche dopo il 2013, nonostante la ripresa economica. Risalta l’arretramento di molte aree intermedie e rurali a vantaggio delle regioni metropolitane. Benché forti nel loro complesso, queste ultime hanno performance e profili differenti, sia fra Nord e Sud del paese, sia all’interno delle due macroaree geografiche.

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Acs Z.J., Armington C. (2004). The impact of geographic differences in human capital on service firm formation rates. Journal of Urban Economics, 56, 2: 244-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.008
  2. Id., Ead. (2006). Entrepreneurship, geography, and American economic growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  3. Andersson M., Koster S. (2011). Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates – Evidence from Sweden. Journal of Economic Geography, 11, 1: 179-201. DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lbp069
  4. Anyadike-Danes M., Hart M., O’Reilly M. (2005). Watch that Space! The county hierarchy in firm births and deaths in the UK, 1980-1999. Small Business Economics, 25, 3: 273-292. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-004-3681-6
  5. Arauzo-Carod J.M., Teruel-Carrizosa M. (2005). An urban approach to firm entry: The effect of urban size. Growth and Change, 36, 4: 508-528. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2257.2005.00292.x
  6. Armington C., Acs Z.J. (2002). The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation, Regional Studies, 36, 1: 33-45. DOI: 10.1080/00343400120099843
  7. Audretsch D., Fritsch M. (1994a). The geography of firm births in Germany. Regional Studies, 28, 4: 359-365. DOI: 10.1080/00343409412331348326
  8. Id., Id. (1994b). On the measure of entry rates. Empirica, 21: 105-113. DOI: 10.1007/BF01383974
  9. Ayres J., Raveendranathan G. (2016). Lack of firm entry and the slow recovery of the U.S. economy after the Great Recession. Working Paper. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
  10. Bagliani M., Feletig P., Ferlaino F., Rota F.S. (2020). Città metropolitane e metroregioni: motori per lo sviluppo? Confronto tra i sistemi urbani italiani pre- e post-crisi. Rivista Geografica Italiana, 127, 2: 5-27. DOI: 10.3280/RGI2020-002001
  11. Bartaletti F. (2015). Città metropolitane e aree metropolitane. Il disegno politico e l’approccio scientifico. Rivista Geografica Italiana, 122, 4: 389-400.
  12. Bartelsman E.J., Scarpetta S., Schivardi F. (2003). Comparative analysis of firm demographics and survival: Micro-level evidence for the OECD countries. OECD Economics Department Working Paper, 348. Paris: OECD.
  13. Bishop P., Shilcof D. (2017). The spatial dynamics of new firm births during an economic crisis: the case of Great Britain, 2004-2012. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 29, 3-4: 215-237. DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1257073
  14. Bosma N., Schutjens V. (2007). Patterns of promising entrepreneurial activity in European regions. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98, 5: 675-686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00433.x
  15. Id., Sternberg R. (2014). Entrepreneurship as an Urban Event? Empirical Evidence from European Cities. Regional Studies, 48, 6: 1016-1033. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2014.904041
  16. Id., van Stel A., Suddle K. (2008). The geography of new firm formation: Evidence from independent start-ups and new subsidiaries in the Netherlands. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 2: 129-146. DOI 10.1007/s11365-007-0058-8
  17. Cainelli G., Iacobucci D., Micozzi A. (2013). Determinants of territorial differences in entrepreneurial rates. An empirical analysis of Italian local systems. Ersa Conference Paper. Testo disponibile al sito: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/124127 (consultato il 30
  18. novembre 2020).
  19. Id., Id., Ead. (2020). Discouraged entrepreneurs and persistence in local entrepreneurship. The Italian case, 2001-2008. L’ industria, 41, 1: 155-172. DOI: 10.1430/97175
  20. Cheng S. (2011). Business cycle, industrial composition, or regional advantage? A decomposition analysis of new firm formation in the United States. Annals of Regional Science, 47, 1: 147-167. DOI: 10.1007/s00168-009-0361-0
  21. Duranton G., Puga D. (2001). Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, 91, 5: 1454-1477. DOI: 10.1257/aer.91.5.1454
  22. Eurostat (2019). Methodological manual on territorial typologies, 2018 edition. Luxembourg: Eurostat.
  23. Fairlie R.W. (2013). Entrepreneurship, economic conditions, and the Great Recession. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 22, 2: 207-231. DOI: 10.1111/jems.12017
  24. Feldman M.P. (2001). The entrepreneurial event revisited: firm formation in a regional context. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10, 4: 861-891. DOI: 10.1093/icc/10.4.861
  25. Ferreira P., Dionísio A. (2019). Using QCA to explain firm demography in the European Union. Journal of Business Research, 101: 743-749. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.074
  26. Formai S., Lotti F., Manaresi F., Scoccianti F. (2020). Così il Covid ha contagiato l’imprenditorialità. Lavoce.info, 2 luglio.
  27. Fotopoulos G. (2014). On the spatial stickiness of UK new firm formation rates. Journal of Economic Geography, 14, 3: 651-679. DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lbt011
  28. Id., Storey D.J. (2017). Persistence and change in interregional differences in entrepreneurship: England and Wales, 1921-2011. Environment and Planning A, 49, 3: 670-702. DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16674336
  29. Fritsch M., Falck O. (2007). New business formation by industry over space and time: A multi-dimensional analysis. Regional Studies, 41, 2: 157-172. DOI: 10.1080/00343400600928301
  30. Id., Kublina S. (2019). Persistence and change of regional new business formation in the national league table. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 29, 3: 891-917. DOI: 10.1007/s00191-019-00610-5
  31. Garofoli G. (1994). New firm formation and regional development: The Italian case. Regional Studies, 28, 4: 381-393. DOI: 10.1080/00343409412331348346
  32. Geroski P.A. (1995). What do we know about entry? International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, 4: 421-440. DOI: 10.1016/0167-7187(95)00498-X
  33. Glaeser E.L. (2007). Entrepreneurship and the City. NBER Working Paper, 13551, Cambridge (MA): NBER.
  34. Id., Kerr S.P., Kerr W.R. (2015). Entrepreneurship and urban growth: An empirical assessment with historical mines. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97, 2: 498-520. DOI: 10.1162/REST_a_00456
  35. Id., Rosenthal S.S., Strange W.C. (2010). Urban economics and entrepreneurship. Journal of Urban Economics, 67, 1: 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2009.10.005
  36. González-Pernía J.L., Peña-Legazkue I., Vendrell-Herrero F. (2012). Innovation, entrepreneurial activity and competitiveness at a sub-national level. Small Business. Economics, 39, 3: 561-574. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-011-9330-y
  37. Id., Guerrero M., Jung A., Peña-Legazkue I. (2018). Economic recession shake-out and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Spain. BRQ-Business Research Quarterly, 21, 3: 153-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.brq.2018.06.001
  38. Hans L., Koster S. (2018). Urbanization and start-up rates in different geographies: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Small Business Economics, 51, 4: 1033-1054. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-017-9967-2
  39. Hoover E.M., Vernon R. (1959). Anatomy of a metropolis: The changing distribution of people and jobs within the New York Metropolitan Region. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
  40. Iacobucci D., Micozzi A. (2014). I divari territoriali nella dinamica imprenditoriale in Italia. L’ industria-Rivista di economia e politica industriale, 35, 1: 49-68, DOI: 10.1430/77263
  41. Istat (2017). L’ imprenditorialità nelle regioni italiane. Caratteri strutturali e socio-economici. Roma: Istat.
  42. Johnson P. (2004). Differences in regional firm formation rates: a decomposition analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 5: 431-445. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00056.x
  43. Keeble D., Walker S., Robson M. (1993). New firm formation and small business growth in the United Kingdom: Spatial and temporal variations and determinants, Research Series, 15. Sheffield: Employment Department.
  44. Klapper L., Love I., Randall D. (2015). New firm registration and the business cycle. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11, 2: 287-306. DOI 10.1007/s11365-014-0345-0
  45. Koellinger P.D., Thurik A.R. (2012). Entrepreneurship and the business cycle. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94, 4: 1143-1156.
  46. Koster S., Hans L. (2017). History repeating! Spatial dynamics in Dutch start-up rates (1996-2013). Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 108, 2: 250-257. DOI: 10.1111/tesg.12242
  47. Krugman P. (1991). Geography and Trade. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.
  48. Lavesson N. (2018). How does distance to urban centres influence necessity and opportunity-based firm start-ups? Papers in Regional Science, 97, 4: 1279-1304. DOI: 10.1111/pirs.12289
  49. Li W., He C., Jiang H. (2019). Spatial and sectoral patterns of firm entry in China. Professional Geographer, 71, 4: 703-714. DOI: 10.1080/00330124.2019.1595062
  50. Liu S., Qian H., Haynes K.E. (2020). Entrepreneurship in small cities: Evidence From U.S. micropolitan areas. Economic Development Quarterly, 35, 1: 3-21. DOI: 10.1177/0891242420941927
  51. Mariani M., Pirani E., Radicchi E. (2013). La sopravvivenza delle imprese negli anni della crisi: prime evidenze empiriche dalla Toscana. Economia e Politica Industriale, 40, 1: 25-52. DOI: 10.3280/POLI2013-001002
  52. Martin R. (2012). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12, 1: 1-32. DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lbr019
  53. Mayer H., Motoyama Y. (2020). Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 32, 7-8: 467-472. DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1798556
  54. Messer T., Siemer M., Gourio F. (2016). A missing generation of firms? Aggregate effects of the decline in new Business formation. 2016 Meeting Papers 752, Society for Economic Dynamics. Testo disponibile al sito: https://ideas.repec.org/p/red/sed016/752.html (consultato il 2 maggio 2020).
  55. Migliardi A., Revelli D. (2011). Demografia delle imprese nelle aree ad elevata intensità di agglomerazione produttiva. Economia e diritto del terziario, 3: 499-525. DOI: 10.3280/ED2011-003005
  56. Nyström K. (2007). An industry disaggregated analysis of the determinants of regional entry and exit. Annals of Regional Science, 41, 4: 877-896. DOI 10.1007/s00168-007-0130-x
  57. Orr D. (1974). The determinants of entry: A study of the Canadian manufacturing industries. Review of Economics and Statistics, 56, 1: 58-66. DOI: 10.2307/1927527
  58. Oyarzo M., Romaní G., Atienza M., Lufín M. (2020). Spatio-temporal dynamics in municipal rates of business start-ups in Chile. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 32, 9-10: 677-705. DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1743769
  59. Parker S.C. (2009). The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  60. Piacentino D., Espa G., Filipponi D., Giuliani D. (2017). Firm demography and regional development: Evidence from Italy. Growth and Change, 48, 3: 359-389. DOI: 10.1111/grow.12172
  61. Pini M., Rinaldi A. (2020). Nuova imprenditorialità mancata e perdita di occupazione: prime valutazioni sugli effetti della pandemia sul sistema produttivo italiano. EyesReg. it, 3: 1-11.
  62. Põder A., Viira A.-H., Värnik R. (2017). Firm entries and exits in Estonian urban municipalities: urban hinterlands and rural peripheries, 2005-2012. Journal of Baltic Studies, 48, 3: 285-307. DOI: 10.1080/01629778.2016.1210661
  63. Randelli F., Ricchiuti G. (2015). The survival of Tuscan Firms. Working paper DISEI, 2. Firenze: Università degli Studi.
  64. Renski H. (2008). New firm entry, survival, and growth in the United States: A comparison of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Journal of the American Planning Association, 75, 1: 60-77. DOI: 10.1080/01944360802558424
  65. Id. (2014). The Influence of industry mix on regional new firm formation in the United States. Regional Studies, 48, 8: 1353-1370. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2012.722202
  66. Reynolds P., Storey D.J., Westhead P. (1994). Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates: an editorial overview. Regional Studies, 28, 4: 343-346. DOI: 10.1080/00343409412331348306
  67. Romer P. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 5: S71-S102.
  68. Rota F.S., Bagliani M., Feletig P., Ferlaino F. (2021). La resilienza delle metroregioni italiane nel periodo della crisi economica mondiale 2008-2016 tra sensività e capacità occupazionale. Rivista Geografica Italiana, 128, 1: 5-29. DOI: 10.3280/rgioa1-2021oa11649
  69. Santos S.C., Caetano A., Spagnoli P., Costa S.F., Neumeyer X. (2017). Predictors of entrepreneurial activity before and during the European economic crisis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13, 4: 1263-1288. DOI: 10.1007/s11365-017-0453-8
  70. Schumpeter J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
  71. Stam E. (2005). The geography of gazelles in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 96, 1: 121-127. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2005.00443.x
  72. Id. (2010). Entrepreneurship, evolution and geography. In: Boschma R., Martin R., eds., The handbook of evolutionary economic geography. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  73. Sutaria V., Hicks D.A. (2004). New firm formation: Dynamics and determinants. Annals of Regional Science, 38, 2: 241-262. DOI: 10.1007/s00168-004-0194-9
  74. Tamásy C., Le Heron R. (2008). The geography of firm formation in New Zealand. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98, 1: 37-52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2008.00438.x
  75. Verheul I., Wennekers S., Audretsch D.B., Thurik R. (2002). An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship: policies, institutions and culture. In: Audretsch D.B., Thurik R., Verheul I., Wennekers S., a cura di, Entrepreneurship: Determinants and policy in a European-US comparison. Boston: Kluwer.
  76. Vivarelli M. (1994). La nascita delle imprese in Italia. Teorie e verifiche empiriche. Milano: Egea.
  77. Williams N., Vorley T. (2014). Economic resilience and entrepreneurship: lessons from the Sheffield City Region. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 26, 3-4: 257-281. DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.894129
  78. World Bank (2020). Doing business. Washington (DC): World Bank.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...