Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito
Ricerche di Psicologia/Psychological Research Journal - Open Access

Articoli

N. 4 (2023)

La valutazione del rischio di recidiva negli autori di reato. Analisi preliminare delle proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana del Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/rip2023oa18304
Inviata
5 agosto 2024
Pubblicato
08-08-2024

Abstract

Nel contesto della Giustizia nazionale, la valutazione psico-sociale del rischio di recidiva degli autori di reato si basa principalmente sul giudizio clinico non strutturato, spesso portando a errori e inefficienze nelle risorse per il recupero e il reinserimento delle persone condannate. Lʼaccento posto dalla comunità scientifica sullʼimportanza di procedure di “risk assessment” empiricamente validate ha spinto le organizzazioni a cercare strumenti migliori.
Questo studio esplora lʼapplicabilità del Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) tra gli autori di reato italiani. La versione italiana della Sezione 1 dello strumento è stata somministrata a 74 adulti italiani allo scopo di effettuarne una valutazione preliminare delle proprietà psicometriche. I risultati hanno evidenziato differenze significative rispetto al campione nordamericano, sottolineando variazioni culturali tra i “Central Eight”, ovvero i fattori centrali che influenzano la valutazione del rischio. Nonostante alcune incongruenze nelle otto sottocomponenti dello strumento, il LS/CMI ha mostrato buona coerenza interna e validità convergente con la Psychopathy Checklist Revised.
La regressione logistica binaria ha confermato lʼassociazione positiva tra il punteggio totale del LS/CMI e la probabilità di recidiva, indicando il suo potenziale come strumento predittivo. Questi risultati costituiscono un primo passo verso la validazione del LS/CMI italiano, sottolineando lʼimportanza di ulteriori ricerche longitudinali per migliorare lʼaffidabilità dello strumento e contribuire agli sforzi volti a ridurre la recidiva nel sistema penale italiano.

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Andrews, D. A. & Bonta, J. (1995). The Level of Service Inventory – Revised. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
  2. Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Hoge, R. D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17(1), 19-52. DOI: 10.1177/0093854890017001004.
  3. Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and / or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 7-27. DOI: 10.1177/0011128705281756.
  4. Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, S. J. (2004). Level of service/case management inventory: LS/CMI. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
  5. Bhutta, M. H., & Wormith, J. S. (2016). An examination of a risk/needs assessment instrument and its relation to religiosity and recidivism among probationers in a Muslim culture. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(2), 204-229. DOI: 10.1177/0093854815604011.
  6. Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2024). The psychology of criminal conduct, 7th edition. New York: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003292128.
  7. Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2013). Applying the risk-need-responsivity principles to offender assessment. In L. A. Craig, L. Dixon, & T. A. Gannon (Eds.), What works in offender rehabilitation: An evidence-based approach to assessment and treatment (pp. 71-93). Wiley Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118320655.ch4.
  8. Bonta, J., Blais, J., Wilson, H.A. (2014). A theoretically informed meta-analysis of the risk for general and violent recidivism for mentally disordered offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(3), 278-287. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2014.04.014.
  9. Caretti V., Manzi, G., Schimmenti, A., & Seragusa, L. (2011). PCL-R Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (2nd ed.). Firenze: O.S. Giunti.
  10. Castelletti, L., & Straticò, E. (2016). Dalla pericolosità sociale all’analisi del rischio di recidiva di reato per i soggetti con malattia mentale. Prospettiva storica e riflessi attuali in Italia. Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria, (1). DOI: 10.3280/RSF2016-001009.
  11. Degenhardt, L., Bharat, C., Glantz, M. D., Sampson, N. A., Scott, K., Lim, C. C., ... & WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators. (2019). The epidemiology of drug use disorders cross-nationally: Findings from the WHO’s World Mental Health Surveys. International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 103-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106128.
  12. DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  13. Eisenberg, M. J., Van Horn, J. E., Dekker, J., Assink, M., Van Der Put, C. E., Hendricks, J., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2019). Static and dynamic predictors of general and violent recidivism in the forensic outpatient population: A metaanalysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46, 732-750. DOI: 10.1177/0093854819826109.
  14. Farrington, David P., Coid, Jeremy W. and Murray, J. (2009) Family factors in the intergenerational transmission of offending. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 19(2), 109-124. DOI: 10.1002/cbm.717.
  15. Fazel, S., Sariaslan, A. & Fanshawe, T. (2022). Towards a More Evidence-Based Risk Assessment for People in the Criminal Justice System: the Case of OxRec in the Netherlands. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 28, 397-406. DOI: 10.1007/s10610-022-09520-y.
  16. Fazel, S., Yoon, I. A., & Hayes, A. J. (2017). Substance use disorders in prisoners: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis in recently incarcerated men and women. Addiction, 112(10), 1725-1739. DOI: 10.1111/add.13877.
  17. Gatti, U., Tremblay, R. E., & Schadee, H. (2007). Civic community and violent behavior in Italy. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 33(1), 56-62. DOI: 10.1002/ab.20167.
  18. Giguere G, James, J. & Proulx, J. (2021). Validity of the LS/CMI for the Prediction of Recidivism among Male and Female Offenders. Journal of Crime and Criminal Behavior, 1(1), pp. 101-120.
  19. Gordon, H., Kelty, S. F., & Julian, R. (2015). Psychometric evaluation of the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory among Australian offenders completing community-based sentences. Crimina Justice and Behavior, 42(11), 1089-1109. DOI: 10.1177/0093854815596419.
  20. Grove, W. M., Zald, D. H., Lebow, B. S., Snitz, B. E., & Nelson, C. (2000). Clinical versus mechanical prediction: A meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 19-30. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.19.
  21. Gualco, B., Ruocco, M., & Rensi, R. (2010). Struttura familiare e comportamenti devianti dei giovani in Italia: uno studio effettuato attraverso il metodo del self-report. Rassegna italiana di criminologia, (2), 255-281.
  22. Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. North Tonawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems.
  23. Hare, R. D. (2020). The PCL-R Assessment of Psychopathy. In: The Wiley International Handbook on Psychopathic Disorders and the Law (eds A.R. Felthous and H. Saß). DOI: 10.1002/9781119159322.ch4.
  24. Hare, R. D., Clark, D., Grann, M., & Thornton, D. (2000). Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioral sciences & the law, 18(5), 623-645. DOI: 10.1002/10990798(200010)18:5%3C623::AID-BSL409%3E3.0.CO;2-W.
  25. Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1997). Psychopathy: Assessment and association with criminal conduct. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 22-35). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  26. Hawkins, J. D., Smith, B. H., Hill, K. G., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., & Abbott, R. D. (2003). Understanding and preventing crime and violence: Findings from the Seattle Social Development Project. In T. P. Thornberry & M. D. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies (pp. 255-312). New York: Kluwer Academic.
  27. Hollin, C. R., Palmer, E. J., & Clark, D. (2003). The Level of Service Inventory-Revised profile of English prisoners: A needs analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 422-440. DOI: 10.1177/0093854803253134.
  28. https://education.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document-librarydocs/esl_infographic_final.pdf.
  29. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/it/country-reports/italy.html.
  30. Leschied, A., Chiodo, D., Nowicki, E., & Rodger, S. (2008). Childhood predictors of adult criminality: A meta-analysis drawn from the prospective longitudinal literature. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50(4), 435-467.
  31. Lightfoot, L. O., & Hodgins, D. (1988). A Survey of Alcohol and Drug Problems in Incarcerated Offenders. International Journal of the Addictions, 23(7), 687-706. DOI: 10.3109/10826088809058834.
  32. Mundia, L., Matzin, R., Mahalle, S., Hamid, M. H., & Osman, R. S. (2016). Contributions of sociodemographic factors to criminal behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 9, 147-156. DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S95270.
  33. Nicholls, T. L., Petersen, K. L., & Pritchard, M. M. (2016). Comparing preferences for actuarial versus structured professional judgment violence risk assessment measures across five continents: To what extent is practice keeping pace with science. International perspectives on violence risk assessment, 127-149. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199386291.003.0008.
  34. Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., & Wormith, J. S. (2014). Thirty years of research on the level of service scales: a meta-analytic examination of predictive accuracy and sources of variability. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 156. DOI: 10.1037/a0035080.
  35. Palmer, E. J., & Hollin, C. R. (2007). The Level of Service Inventory-Revised with English women prisoners: A needs and reconviction analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 971-984. DOI: 10.1177/0093854807300819.
  36. Payne, A.A., Welch, K. (2015). 15 How School and Education Impact the Development of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior. In: Morizot, J., Kazemian, L. (eds) The Development of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08720-7_15.
  37. Pieroni, L., & Lanari, D. (2018). The role of fathers in the criminal careers of juveniles in Italy. Journal of Demographic Economics, 84(4), 419-445.
  38. Piselli, M., Attademo, L., Garinella, R., Rella, A., Antinarelli, S., Tamantini, A., ... & Abram, K. M. (2015). Psychiatric needs of male prison inmates in Italy. International journal of law and psychiatry, 41, 82-88.
  39. Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nonetti, R. Y. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt7s8r7.
  40. Saita, E., Pagano, L. (2018). Là, dove i mari si toccano: la psicologia nel sistema di esecuzione della pena. Introduzione. Ricerche di psicologia, 41(3), 299-305.
  41. Saladino, V., Fusco, A., Castellani, L., Calaresi, D., & Verrastro, V. (2024). Aggressive behavior among Italian justice-involved juveniles: the impact of attachment, discipline, and moral disengagement. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1-17. DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2024.2303496.
  42. Scognamiglio, C., Sorge, A., Borrelli, G., Perrella, R., & Saita, E. (2024). Exploring the connection between childhood trauma, dissociation, and borderline personality disorder in forensic psychiatry: a comprehensive case study. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1332914.
  43. Sorge, A., Borrelli, G., Saita, E., Perrella, R. (2022). Violence Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Case-Study of Filicide in an Italian Woman. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 6967. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19126967.
  44. Van Amsterdam, J., & Van den Brink, W. (2015). The Misuse of Prescription Opioids: A Threat for Europe? Current drug abuse reviews, 8(1), 3-14. DOI: 10.2174/187447370801150611184218.
  45. Vose, B. (2016). Risk assessment and reassessment: An evidence-based approach to offender management. Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 301. DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12196.
  46. Wormith, J. S., & Bonta, J. (2020). Understanding and managing offender risk: A conversation with James Bonta. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(1), 80-98. DOI: 10.1177/0306624X19899717.
  47. Wormith, J. S., & Bonta, J. (2021). Risk/need assessment for adults and older adolescents: The level of service (LS) instruments. In K. S. Douglas & R. K. Otto (Eds.), Handbook of violence risk assessment (second edition, pp. 159-190). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: 10.4324/9781315518374-11.
  48. Wormith, J., & Bonta, J. (2018). The level of service (LS) instruments. In J.P. Singh, D. G. Kroner, J. S. Wormith & S. L. Desmarais (Eds), Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools (first edition). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781119184256.ch6.
  49. Yukhnenko, D., Blackwood, N., & Fazel, S. (2020). Risk factors for recidivism in individuals receiving community sentences: a systematic review and metaanalysis. CNS spectrums, 25(2), 252-263. DOI: 10.1017/S1092852919001056.
  50. Zara, G. (2016). Valutare il rischio in ambito criminologico. Procedure e strumenti per l’assessment psicologico. Bologna: il Mulino.
  51. Zhang, J., & Liu, N. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the LSIR with probationers. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 59(13), 1474-1486. DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14538396.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...