Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito

Articoli

N. 3 (2021)

Networking: una possibile strategia per gli interventi di outplacement

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/rip2021oa12107
Inviata
29 giugno 2021
Pubblicato
16-07-2021

Abstract

Il networking è una strategia che ha come obiettivo la gestione della propria rete di conoscenze per acquisire informazioni in modo informale, in particolare, su possibili proposte lavorative non pubblicizzate mediante inserzioni. Senza una solida rete di contatti le persone in cerca di lavoro incontreranno maggiori ostacoli nel loro percorso. Nello specifico contesto italiano la maggior parte delle opportunità professionali sono nascoste e regolate da un processo di passaparola.
Focus della presente ricerca è quello di descrivere come il networking venga percepito e utilizzato dai partecipanti a percorsi di outplacement per valutarne un suo possibile utilizzo come strategia per il reinserimento lavorativo. Il questionario prende in esame le tre dimensioni del networking (intensità, qualità e atteggiamento) oltre alle capacità comunicative, all’autoefficacia, alla personalità
proattiva e alla resilienza.
La ricerca, svolta in collaborazione con Intoo, società leader nei servizi di outplacement in Italia, ha coinvolto 146 disoccupati attivi con un’età media di 46.94 anni.
Differenze significative si sono riscontrate per due dimensioni del networking: per l’intensità in rapporto al genere e per l’atteggiamento con l’ultimo ruolo
lavorativo ricoperto dai partecipanti.
Non sono emerse differenze significative per quanto riguarda età, titolo di studio e periodo trascorso dall’inizio del percorso di outplacement e le dimensioni del networking. Tali dimensioni presentano tutte correlazioni positive e significative con i costrutti di personalità. Vengono discussi implicazioni e limiti dello studio.

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Arslan, H.B. (2005). Where can outplacement be placed? Offering a broader role to assistance: a theoretical approach. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 3, 137-146. DOI: 10.1177/103841620901800304.
  2. Azrin, N.H., & Besalel, V.B. (1982). Finding a job. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press.
  3. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
  4. Barling, J., & Beattie, R. (1983). Self-efficacy beliefs and sales performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 5(1), 41-51. DOI: 10.1300/J075v05n01_05.
  5. Bateman, T.S., & Crant, J.M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 14, 103-118. DOI: 10.1002/job.4030140202.
  6. Bates, S. (2004). HR executives embrace outplacement assistance efforts. HR Magazine, 49(3), 12.
  7. Beatty, R.H. (1988). The complete job search book. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
  8. Blau, G. (1994). Testing a two-dimensional measure of job-search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59, 288-312. DOI: 10.1006/obhd.1994.1061.
  9. Boccato, A. (2016). L’outplacement: dalla perdita del lavoro al ricollocamento professionale. In R. Maeran, & A. Boccato, Lavoro e psicologia. Le persone nelle organizzazioni (pp.129-153). Milano: Led.
  10. Boerchi, D. (2008). La narrazione autobiografica. In M.R. Mancinelli (Ed.), Tecniche d’immagine per l’orientamento e la formazione. (pp. 138-158). Milano: FrancoAngeli.
  11. Boswell, W.R., Zimmerman, R.D., & Swider, B.W. (2012). Employee job search: toward an understanding of search contest and search objectives. Journal of Management, 38, 129-163. DOI: 10.1177/0149206311421829.
  12. Bowers, K.S. (1973). Situationism in psychology: an analysis and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 307-336. DOI: 10.1037/h0035592.
  13. Brown, D.W., & Konrad, A.M. (2001). Job-seeking in a turbulent economy: Social networks and the importance of cross-industry ties to an industry change. Human Relations, 54(8), 1015-1044.
  14. Censis (2017). Indagine sull’approccio alla ricerca del lavoro dei giovani in Italia. Tratto da: ebitemp.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CENSIS_completo.pdf.
  15. Centenaro, L., & Sorchiotti, T. (2013). Personal branding: promuovere sé stessi online per creare nuove opportunità. Milano: Hoepli.
  16. Cooper, C., Flint-Taylor, J., & Pearn, M. (2013). Building resilience for success: a resource for managers and organizations. UK, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  17. Crant, J.M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435-462. DOI: 10.1016/S0149-2063(00)00044-1.
  18. Duarte, M.E. (2004). The individual and the organization: perspectives of development. Psychologica, Extra-Sèrie, 549-557.
  19. Edwards, J.M., Rudisill, J.R., Champney, T.F., Hershberger, P.J., Polaine V.H., & Archambault, D.L. (1998). Outplacement client characteristics and outcomes. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 50, 173-180. DOI: 10.1037/1061-4087.50.3.173.
  20. Fernàndez, S. (2008). Two degrees of separation. Creating a truly network of contacts. London. Cyan Marshall Cavendish Limited.
  21. Gist, M.E. (1987). Self-efficacy: Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 12 (3), 472-485. DOI: 10.2307/258514.
  22. Gist, M.E., Schwoerer, C., & Rosen, B. (1989). Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 7(6), 884-891. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.74.6.884.
  23. Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. DOI: 10.1086/225469.
  24. Granovetter, M.S. (1974). Getting a job: A study of contacts and careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  25. Krannich, C.R., & Krannich R. L. (1996). Dynamite networking for dynamite jobs. Manassas Park, VA: Impact.
  26. Lambert, T.A., Eby, L.T., & Reeves, M.P. (2006). Predictors of networking intensity and network quality among white-collar job seekers. Journal of Career Development, 32(4), 351-365. DOI: 10.1177/0894845305282767.
  27. Leana, C.R., & Feldman, D.C. (1991). Gender differences in responses to unemployment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 65-77. DOI: 10.1016/0001-8791(91)90018-H.
  28. Lievens, F., & Harris, M. (2003). Research on internet recruiting and testing: Current status and future directions. In C.L. Cooper, I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology, (pp. 131-165). Chichester: J. Wiley & Sons.
  29. Lowstuter, C.C., & Robertson, D.P. (1995). Network your way to your next job: Fast. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  30. Magli, F. (2017). Innovazione e sviluppo tecnologico. L’impatto sulle attività generatrici di valore. (Innovation and technological development. Impact on value generating activities). Torino: Giappichelli.
  31. Magrin, M.E. (2008). Dalla resistenza alla resilienza: promuovere benessere nei luoghi di lavoro. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia, Supplemento A, 30(1), A11-A19.
  32. Malen, E.A., & Stroh, L.K. (1998). The influence of gender on job loss coping behavior among unemployed managers. Journal of Employment Counseling, 35, 26-39. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.1998.tb00473.x.
  33. Marsden, P.V. (1996). The Staffing Process: Recruitment and Selection Methods. In A.L. Kalleberg, D. Knoke, P.V. Marsden, & J.L. Spaeth (Eds.), Organizations in America: Analyzing Their Structures and Human Resource Practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  34. Marsden, P.V., & Gorman, E.H. (2001). Social Networks, Job Changes, and Recruitment. In I. Berg, & A.L. Kelleberg (Eds.), Sourcebook on Labour Markets: Evolving Structures on Processes. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  35. Martin, H.J., & Lekan D.F. (2008). Individual differences in outplacement success. Career Development International, 13(5), 425-439. DOI: 10.1108/13620430810891455.
  36. McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, & J.P. Hall D.T. (2007). Employability during unempoloyment: adaptability career identity and human and social capital. Journal Vocational Behavior, 71, 247 267. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.06.003.
  37. Meyer, J.L.,& Shadle, C.C. (1994). The changing outplacement process: new methods and opportunities for transition management. London: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  38. Moock, Jr. R.T. (1996). Get that interview! The indispensable guide for college grads. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series.
  39. Moorhouse, A., & Caltabiano, M.L. (2007). Resilience and unemployment: Exploring risk and protective influences for the outcome variables of depression and assertive job searching. Journal of Employment Counseling, 44, 115-125. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.2007.tb00030.x.
  40. Nesheim, T., Olsen, K.M. & Sandvik, A.M. (2017). Never walk alone:achieving work performance through networking ability and autonomy, Employee Relations, 39(2), 240-253.
  41. Nevill, D.D., Neimeyer, G.J., Probert, B., & Fukuyama M. (1986). Cognitive structures in vocational information processing and decision making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 28(2), 110-122. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(86)90044-8.
  42. Nikolaou, I. (2014). Social networking web sites in job search and employee recruitment, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 22(2), 179-189. DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12067.
  43. Parker, S.K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 835-852. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835.
  44. Parker, S.K., & Sprigg, C.A. (1999). Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 925-939. DOI: 10.1037//0021-9010.84.6.925.
  45. Pierro, A. (1997). Caratteristiche strutturali della scala di General Self-Efficacy. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 29-38.
  46. Reid, G.L. (1972). Job search and the effectiveness of job-finding methods. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 25, 479-495.
  47. Reyneri, E. (2011). Sociologia del mercato del lavoro. Le forme dell’occupazione, vol. 2. Bologna: il Mulino.
  48. Rodopman, O.B. (2006). Proactive personality, stress and voluntary work behaviors. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. University of South Florida. Scholar Commons, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2677.
  49. Rudisill, J.R., Painter, A.F., & Pollock, S.K. (1992). Psychological consultation to outplacement firms. In Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 11, pp. 425- 430). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
  50. Saks, A.M., & Ashforth, B.E. (2000). Change in job search behaviors and employment outcomes, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 277-287. DOI: 10.1006/jvbe.1999.1714.
  51. Sarchielli, G. (2003). Psicologia del lavoro, Bologna: il Mulino.
  52. Savickas, M.L. (2007). La teoria della costruzione della vita professionale e implicazioni per la pratica. In S. Soresi (Ed.), Orientamento alle scelte. Firenze: Giunti O. S. Organizzazioni Speciali.
  53. Schneider, B. (1983). Interactional psychology and organizational behavior. In: L. Cummings, B. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 1-31.
  54. Siu, O. L., Chow, S. L., Phillips, D. R., & Lin, L. (2006). An exploratory study of resilience among Hong Kong employees: Ways to happiness. In L. S. Ho & Y. K. Ng (Eds.), Happiness and public policy: Theory, case studies, and implications (pp. 209–220). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  55. Siu, O. L., Hui, C. H., Phillips, D. R., Lin, L., Wong, T. W., & Shi, K. (2009). A study of resiliency among chinese health care workers: Capacity to cope with workplace stress. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 770-776. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.06.008.
  56. Sherer, M., Maddux, J.E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R.W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663-671. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663.
  57. Sherer, M., & Adams, C.H. (1983). Construct validation of the self-efficacy scale, Psychological Reports, 53(3), 899-902. DOI:
  58. 2466/pr0.1983.53.3.899.
  59. Stevens, C.K., Tirnauer, D.C., & Turban, D.B. (1997). A qualitative study of job seekers' decision processes. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management. Boston: MA.
  60. Stewart, M., Reid, G., & Mangham C. (1997). Fostering children’s resilience. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12(1), 21-31. DOI: 10.1016/S0882-5963(97)80018-8.
  61. Stopfer, J.M., & Gosling S.D. (2013). Online social networks in the work context. In D. Derks, A. Bakker (Eds.), The psychology of digital media at work (pp. 39-59). London: Psychology Press.
  62. Tanucci, G. (2011). Outplacement. In P. Argentero, G.C. Cortese, & G. Piccardo, (Eds.), Psicologia delle risorse umane. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  63. Wanberg, C.R., Kanfer, R., & Banas, J.T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of networking intensity among unemployed job seekers, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 491-503. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.491.
  64. Westaby, J.D. (2004). The impact of outplacement programs on reemployment criteria: a longitudinal study of displaced managers and executives. Journal of Employment Counseling, 41, 19-28. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.2004.tb00874.x.
  65. Wiemann, J.M. (1977). Explication and test of a model of communicative competence. Human Communication Research, 3, 195-213. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00518.x.
  66. Wolff, H.G., & Spurk, D. (2020). Developing and validating a short networking behavior scale (SNBS) from Wolff and Moser’s (2006) measure, Journal of Career Assessment, 28(2), 277-302.
  67. Zottoli, M.A., & Wanous, J.P. (2000). Recruitment source research: Current status and future directions, Human Resource Management Review, 10, 353-382. DOI: 10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00032-2.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...