Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Studies and researches

No. 47 (2020)

The new challenge of video psychotherapy on the Internet

Submitted
febbraio 5, 2021
Published
2021-02-05

Abstract

The present article evaluates the impact of the remote setting on the therapeutic relationship. The authors evaluate whether the therapeutic alliance varies depending on the different contexts (remote or face to face) and whether it is a predictor of the therapeutic success even in on-line psychological interventions. Subsequently, the nonverbal and somatic dimension of the remote therapy is considered, defined in this work as Video Psychotherapy on Internet (VPI), further exploring the theme of dyadic tuning and co-regulation, now in front of a screen. Furthermore, the article presents some reflections regarding the attention and the mental representations of the therapist and the patient in the new setting. The literature review carried out by the authors underlines how therapeutic alliance doesn’t vary depending on the on-line setting and the face to face one and how therapeutic alliance is not a predictor of therapeutic success in the on-line setting. The authors also hope for an empirical research progress for the evaluation of bottom-up treatments in the VPI, taking into account the limits of the nonverbal and somatic dimension in this setting.

References

  1. Algeri D., Gabri S., Mazzucchelli L. (2018). Consulenza psicologica on-line: esperienze pratiche, linee guida e ambiti di intervento. Firenze: Giunti Psychometrics.
  2. American Psychological Association (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.html.
  3. Anderson R., Spence S., Donovan C., March S., Prosser S., Kenardy J. (2012). Working Alliance in On-line Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Youth: Comparison With Clinic Delivery and its Role in Predicting Outcome. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(3). DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1848.
  4. Andersson G., Paxling B., Roch-Norlund P., Ostman G., Norgren A., Almlov J., Silverberg F. (2012). Internet-based psychodynamic versus cognitive behavioral guided self-help for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81(6): 344-355. DOI: 10.1159/000339371.
  5. Andersson G., Paxling B., Wiwe M., Vernmark K., Felix C.B., Lundborg L., Carlbring P. (2012). Therapeutic alliance in guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50: 544-550. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.003.
  6. Apolinário-Hagen J.A., Tasseit S. (2015). Access to Psycotherapy in The Era of Web 2.0. – New Media, Old inequalities? International Journal of Health Professions, 2(2): 119-129. DOI: 10.1515/ijhp-2015-0010.
  7. Ardito R., Rabellino D. (2011). Therapeutic alliance and outcome of psychotherapy:
  8. historical excursus, measurements, and prospects for research. Frontiers in Psychology, 2: Art 270. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00270.
  9. Bara B. (2018). Il terapeuta relazionale. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.
  10. Berger T. (2017) The therapeutic alliance in Internet interventions: A narrative review and suggestions for future research. Psychother. Research, 27(5): 511-524. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1119908.
  11. Bowlby J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
  12. Carlbring P., Andersson G., Cuijpers P., Riper H., Hedman-Lagerlof E. (2018). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review ad meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47: 1-18. DOI:10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115.
  13. Damasio A. (2018). Lo strano ordine delle cose. Milano: Adelphi.
  14. Damasio A. (2010). Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. London:
  15. Heinemann.
  16. Durlik C., Cardini F., Tsakiris M. (2014). Being watched: The effect of social selffocus on interoceptive and exteroceptive somatosensory perception. Consciousness and Cognition, 25: 42-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.01.010.
  17. Enrici I., Bara B., Adenzato M. (2020) Theory of Mind, pragmatics and the brain. Pragmatics and Cognition, 26: 5-38. DOI: 10.1075/pc.19010.enr.
  18. Fitzpatrick M., Nedeljkovic M., Abbott J.-A., Kyrios M., Moulding R. (2018). “Blended” therapy: The development and pilot evaluation of an Internet facilitates cognitive behavioral intervention to supplement face-to-face therapy for hoarding disorder. Internet Interventions, 12: 16.25. DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.006.
  19. Hadjistavropoulos H.D., Pugh N.E., Hesser H., Andersson G. (2016). Therapeutic Alliance in Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Depression or Generalized Anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(2): 451-461. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2014.
  20. Hanley T. (2009). The working alliance in on-line therapy with young people: Preliminary findings. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 37(3): 257-269. DOI: 10.1080/03069880902956991.
  21. Hazem N., George N., Baltazar M., Conty L. (2017). I know you can see me: Social
  22. attention influences bodily self-awareness. Biological Psychology, 124: 21-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.01.007.
  23. Hietanen J.K., Leppä nen J.M., Peltola M.J., Linna-aho K., Ruuhiala H.J. (2008). Seeing direct and averted gaze activates the approach-avoidance motivational brain systems. Neuropsychologia, 46(9): 2423-2430. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.029.
  24. Hietanen J.O., Hietanen J.K. (2017). Genuine eye contact elicits self-referential processing. Consciousness and Cognition, 51: 100-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.019.
  25. Horvath A.O., Luborsky L. (1993). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy.
  26. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(4): 561-73. DOI: 10.1037//0022-006X.61.4.561.
  27. Isomura T., Watanabe K. (2020). Direct gaze enhances interoceptive accuracy. Cognition, 195: 104113. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104113.
  28. Knaevelsrud C., Brand J., Lange A., Ruwaard J., Wagner B. (2015). Web-based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in war-traumatized Arab patients: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(3): E71. DOI: 10. 2196/jmir.3582.
  29. Knaevelsrud C., Maercker A. (2007). Internet-based treatment for PTSD reduces distress and facilitates the development of a strong therapeutic alliance: A randomized
  30. controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry, 7:13. DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-7-13.
  31. Ladavas E., Berti A. (2014). Neuropsicologia. Quarta edizione. Bologna: il Mulino.
  32. Liotti G. (1994). La dimensione interpersonale della coscienza. Roma: Carocci.
  33. Lombard M., Ditton T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x.
  34. Morgan R.D., Patrick A.R., Magaletta P.R. (2008). Does the use of telemental health alter the treatment experience? Inmates’ perceptions of telemental health versus face-to-face treatment modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1): 158-162. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.158.
  35. Myllyneva A., Ranta K., Hietanen J.K. (2015). Psychophysiological responses to eye contact in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychology, 109: 151-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.05.005.
  36. Ogden P., Goldstein B. (2020). Sensorimotor Psychotherapy from a Distance: Engaging the Body, Creating Presence, and Building Relationship in Videoconferencing. In: Theory and Practice of On-line Therapy Internet-delivered interventions for Individuals, Groups, Families, and Organizations. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 47-65.
  37. Pönkä nen L.M., Peltola M.J., Hietanen J.K. (2011). The observer observed: Frontal EEG asymmetry and autonomic responses differentiate between another person’s direct and averted gaze when the face is seen live. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 82(2): 180-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.08.006.
  38. Porges S.W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation. New York: W.W. Norton.
  39. Preschl B., Maercker A., Wagner B. (2011). The working alliance in a randomized controlled trial comparing on-line with face-to-face cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. BMC Psychiatry, 11: 189. DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-189.
  40. Rees C.S., Stone S. (2005). Therapeutic alliance in face-toface versus videoconferenced
  41. psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(6): 649-653. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.36.6.649.
  42. Rolnick A. (2020). Principles of Internet-based Treatment. In: Theory and Practice of On-line Therapy Internet-delivered interventions for Individuals, Groups, Families, and Organizations. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
  43. Russell G.I. (2015). Screen Relations. London: Karnac.
  44. Simpson S.G., Reid C.L. (2014). Therapeutic alliance in videoconferencing psychotherapy: A review. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 22(6): 280-99. DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12149.
  45. Schore A.N. (2009). Right-brain affect regulation: An essential mechanism of development, trauma, dissociation, and psychotherapy. In: Fosha D., Siegel D., Solomon M. (eds.), The Healing Power of Emotion: Affective Neuroscience, Development and Clinical Practice. New York: W.W. Norton, pp. 112-144.
  46. Siegel D. (2019). Diventare consapevoli. Una pratica di meditazione rivoluzionaria.
  47. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  48. Spek V., Cuijpers P., Nyklicek I., Riper H., Keyzer J., Pop V. (2007). Internet-based
  49. cognitive-behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a metaanalysis.
  50. Psychological Medicine, 37(3): 319-28. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291706008944.
  51. Sucala M., Schnur J.B., Brackman E.H., Constantino M., Montgomery G.H. (2013).
  52. Clinicians’ attitudes toward therapeutic alliance in E-therapy. The Journal of General Psychology, 140(4): 282-293. DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2013.830590.
  53. Van Der Kolk B.A. (2015). Il corpo accusa il colpo. Mente, corpo e cervello nell’elaborazione delle memorie traumatiche. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  54. Veglia F. (1999). Storie di vita. Narrazione e cura in psicoterapia cognitiva. Torino:
  55. Bollati Boringhieri.
  56. Vriends N., Meral Y., Bargas-Avila J.A., Stadler C., Bögels S.M. (2017). How do I look? Self-focused attention during a video chat of women with social anxiety (disorder), Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92: 77-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.008.
  57. Wagner B., Brand J., Schulz W., Knaevelsrud C. (2012). On-line working alliance predicts treatment outcome for posttraumatic stress symptoms in Arab wartraumatized
  58. patients. Depression and Anxiety, 29(7): 646-51. DOI: 10.1002/da.21962.
  59. Wehmann E., Köhnen M., Härter M., Liebherz S. (2020). Therapeutic Alliance in Technology-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Depression: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6): e17195. DOI: 10.2196/17195.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...