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SEZIONE GENERALE - ADHD: nuove prospettive

N. 55 (2024)

L’emergere della regolazione emozionale e delle funzioni esecutive nei primi tre anni di vita: traiettorie evolutive e ruolo del funzionamento genitoriale

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/qpc55-2024oa20371
Inviata
12 giugno 2025
Pubblicato
08-07-2025

Abstract

La presenza di difficoltà nella regolazione emozionale (RE) si configura come un fattore trans-diagnostico a diversi quadri psicopatologici e disturbi del neurosviluppo tra cui l’ADHD. Seppur i sintomi core di questo disturbo riguardano le dimensioni dell’attenzione, dell’impulsività e dell’iperattività, la regolazione delle emozioni sembra avere un ruolo chiave nella comprensione delle compromissioni del funzionamento esecutivo. La RE si intreccia con il progressivo sviluppo delle funzioni esecutive (FE) i cui precursori sono rilevabili già nei primi tre anni di vita. Obiettivo del presente contributo è presentare una breve panoramica sulla RE e il funzionamento esecutivo nello sviluppo infantile precoce. Il tentativo è fornire elementi di conoscenza per considerare come le traiettorie evolutive possano, in condizioni di rischio, veicolare potenziali prodromi per l’insorgenza dell’ADHD. In una fase così precoce della vita di un bambino le competenze di sviluppo sono influenzate sia da fattori biologici (ad es. temperamento) che da fattori ambientali (ad es. la qualità delle relazioni precoci). Di conseguenza verrà dato spazio a come le differenze individuali e lo stile genitoriale contribuiscono allo sviluppo della RE e delle FE. Inoltre verranno riportate evidenze su come la RE e le FE del genitore hanno un impatto su entrambi i domini dello sviluppo del bambino. Infine, verranno discusse come le evidenze disponibili possano contribuire all’implementazione di programmi di sostegno alla genitorialità che, se effettuati con tempestività, possono risultare efficaci nel mitigare nel bambino la presenza di problematiche di natura emotiva e comportamentale, incluso la riduzione dei sintomi dell’ADHD.

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