Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito
FrancoAngeli Journals

Sez. generale - Studi e ricerche

N. 52 (2023)

Disturbo Ossessivo-Compulsivo di Personalità (DOCP). Rassegna della letteratura sull’efficacia dei trattamenti psicologici e indicazioni di buona pratica clinica

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/qpc52-2023oa16176
Inviata
6 July 2023
Pubblicato
17-07-2023

Abstract

La presente rassegna delinea le indicazioni di buona pratica clinica per il trattamento psicologico del Disturbo Ossessivo-Compulsivo di Personalità (DOCP) sulla base dei dati presenti in letteratura riguardo al disturbo e agli studi di efficacia prodotti finora.
Definiremo il disturbo e i criteri per la formulazione della sua diagnosi secondo il modello in uso attualmente e il modello in fase di sviluppo e revisione. Di seguito, saranno riportati i dati epidemiologici dai quali emerge che il DOCP è tra i disturbi di personalità più frequenti. Proseguendo, riporteremo i dati sulla comorbidità con altri disturbi, dai quali si rileva un quadro di estrema interazione tra il DOCP e gli altri disturbi di personalità e numerosi disturbi sintomatologici. Tale complessità si riflette in una difficoltà nel formulare una buona diagnosi differenziale e in una sottostima della presenza del disturbo. Inoltre, riporteremo i dati sull’impatto del DOCP sul funzionamento sociale del paziente che suggeriscono che la sua presenza influenza negativamente il decorso delle sintomatologie soprattutto quando associato a disturbi dell’umore, sottolineando l’importanza della sua identificazione e diagnosi. Infine, saranno riportati gli studi che indagano l’efficacia della psicoterapia nel DOCP dai quali emerge che la psicoterapia cognitiva, nelle sue varie forme, sarebbe la più efficace per il DOCP.
Al momento non esistono indicazioni di buona pratica clinica da parte dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità e, per nostra conoscenza, in letteratura. Pertanto, la rassegna terminerà con la formulazione di tali indicazioni considerando la direzione suggerita dai dati riportati in ogni sezione.

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Albert, U., Maina, G., Forner, F. & Bogetto, F. (2004). DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: prevalence in patients with anxiety disorders and in healthy comparison subjects. Comprehensive psychiatry, 45: 325-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.06.005.
  2. Allen, J.G., Fonagy, P. (2014). Mentalizing in psychotherapy. In: Hales, R.E., Yudofsky, S.C., Roberts, L.W. (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychiatry. 6th. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  3. Anderluh, M., Tchanturia, K., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Collier, D. & Treasure, J. (2009). Lifetime course of eating disorders: design and validity testing of a new strategy to define the eating disorders phenotype. Psychological medicine, 39(1): 105-114. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291708003292.
  4. Ansell, E.B., Pinto, A., Crosby, R.D., Becker, D.F., Añez, L.M., Paris, M. & Grilo, C.M. (2010). The prevalence and structure of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in Hispanic psychiatric outpatients. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 41(3): 275-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.005.
  5. APA – American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Manuale diagnostico e statistico dei disturbi mentali. DSM-5. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  6. Atroszko, P.A., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M.D. (2020). Work addiction, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, burn-out, and global burden of disease: Implications from the ICD-11. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2): 660. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020660.
  7. Bach, B., Sellbom, M., Kongerslev, M., Simonsen, E., Krueger, R.F. & Mulder, R. (2017). Deriving ICD-11 personality disorder domains from DSM-5 traits: initial attempt to harmonize two diagnostic systems. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 136(1): 108-117. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12748.
  8. Baer, L. (1994). Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. Journal of clinical psychiatry, 55: 18-23.
  9. Bamelis, L.L., Evers, S.M., Spinhoven, P. & Arntz, A. (2014). Results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. American journal of psychiatry, 171: 305-322. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12040518.
  10. Barber, J.P., Muenz, L.R. (1996). The role of avoidance and obsessiveness in matching patients to cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy: empirical findings from the treatment for depression collaborative research program. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 64(5): 951. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.951.
  11. Barber, J.P., Morse, J.Q., Krakauer, I.D., Chittams, J. & Crits-Christoph, K. (1997). Change in obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders following time-limited supportive-expressive therapy. Psychotherapy: theory, research, practice, training, 34(2): 133. DOI: 10.1037/h0087774.
  12. Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
  13. Becker, D.F., Masheb, R.M., White, M.A. & Grilo, C.M. (2010). Psychiatric, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality pathology in patients with binge-eating disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 51(5): 531-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.11.005.
  14. Bender, D.S., Dolan, R.T., Skodol, A.E., Sanislow, C.A., Dyck, I.R., McGlashan, T.H., Shea, M.T., Zanarini, M.C., Oldham, J.M. & Gunderson, J.G. (2001). Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders. American journal of psychiatry, 158: 295-302. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.295.
  15. Bender, D.S., Skodol, A.E., Pagano, M.E., Dyck, I.R., Grilo, C.M., Shea, M.T., Sanislow, C.A., Zanarini, M.C., Yen, S., McGlashan, T.H., Gunderson, J.G. (2006). Prospective assessment of treatment use by patients with personality disorders. Psychiatric services, 57: 254-257. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.254.
  16. Bowen, R., Rahman, H., Dong, L.Y., Khalaj, S., Baetz, M., Peters, E. & Balbuena, L. (2019). Suicidality in people with obsessive-compulsive symptoms or personality traits. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9: 747. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00747.
  17. Braun, D.L., Sunday, S.R., Halmi, K.A. (1994). Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders. Psychological medicine, 24: 859-867. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291700028956.
  18. Cheli, S., MacBeth, A., Popolo, R., Dimaggio, G. (2020). The intertwined path of perfectionism and self-criticism in a client with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Journal of clinical psychology, 76(11): 2055-2066. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23051.
  19. Chessick, R.D. (2001). OCD, OCPD: Acronyms do not make a disease. Psychoanalytic inquiry, 21(2): 183-207. DOI: 10.1080/07351692109348931.
  20. Clark, L.A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual review of psychology, 58: 227-257. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200.
  21. Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P. et al. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder among adults aged 16 to 74 in Great Britain. British journal of psychiatry, 188: 423-31. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.188.5.423.
  22. Coles, M.E, Pinto, A., Mancebo, M.C. et al. (2008). OCD with comorbid OCPD: a subtype of OCD? Journal of psychiatric research, 42: 289-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.12.009.
  23. Corruble, E., Ginestet, D. & Guelfi, J.D. (1996). Comorbidity of personality disorders and unipolar major depression: a review. Journal of affective disorders, 37(2-3): 157-170. DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00091-7.
  24. Crane, A.M., Roberts, M.E. & Treasure, J. (2007). Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies. International journal of eating Disorders, 40: 581-588. DOI: 10.1002/eat.20419.
  25. Crawford, T.N., Cohen, P., Johnson, J.G. et al. (2005). Self-reported personality disorder in the children in the community sample: convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood. Journal of personality disorders, 19: 30-52. DOI: 10.1521/pedi.19.1.30.62179.
  26. Cullen, B., Samuels, J.F., Pinto, A., Fyer, A.J., McCracken, J.T., Rauch, S.L. … Nestadt, G. (2008). Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with treatment status in family members with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression and anxiety, 25(3): 218-224. DOI: 10.1002/da.20293.
  27. Cummings, J.A., Hayes, A.M., Cardaciotto, L. & Newman, C.F. (2012). The dynamics of self-esteem in cognitive therapy for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: an adaptive role of self-esteem variability? Cognitive therapy and research, 36: 272-281. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9375-x.
  28. de Reus, R.J.M. & Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2012). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a review of current empirical findings. Personal mental health, 6: 1-21. DOI: 10.1002/pmh.
  29. Diaconu, G. & Turecki, G. (2009). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and suicidal behavior: evidence for a positive association in a sample of depressed patients. The journal of clinical psychiatry, 70(11): 13040. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.08m04636.
  30. Diedrich, A. & Voderholzer, U. (2015). Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder: a current review. Current psychiatry reports, 17: 1-10. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0547-8.
  31. Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A., Salvatore, G., Nicolò, G., Sisto, A. & Semerari, A. (2011). Progressively promoting metacognition in a case of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder treated with metacognitive interpersonal therapy. Psychology and psychotherapy: theory, research and practice, 84(1): 70-83. DOI: 10.1348/147608310X527240.
  32. Dimaggio, G., Salvatore, G., MacBeth, A., Ottavi, P., Buonocore, L. & Popolo, R. (2017). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders: A case study series. Journal of contemporary psychotherapy, 47(1): 11-21. DOI: 10.1177/1534650120960234.
  33. Driessen, E., Van, H.L., Don, F.J., Peen, J., Kool, S., Westra, D., Hendriksen, M., Schoever,s R.A., Cuijpers, P., Twisk, J.W., Dekker, J.J.M. (2013). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in the outpatient treatment of major depression: a randomized clinical trial. American journal of psychiatry, 170(9): 1041-1050. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070899.
  34. Dufresne, L., Bussières, E.L., Bédard, A., Gingras, N., Blanchette-Sarrasin, A., Bégin, C. (2020). Personality traits in adolescents with eating disorder: A meta-analytic review. International journal of eating disorders, 53(2): 157-173. DOI: 10.1002/eat.23183.
  35. Fineberg, N.A., Reghunandanan, S., Kolli, S. & Atmaca, M. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive (anankastic) personality disorder: toward the ICD-11 classification. Brazilian journal of psychiatry, 36: 40-50. DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1282.
  36. Fiore, D., Dimaggio, G., Nicoló, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A. (2008). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in a case of obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders. Journal of clinical psychology, 64(2): 168-180. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20450.
  37. Freud, S. (1908). Character and anal eroticism (pp. 169-75). In: Strachey. J. (ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 9. London: Hogarth.
  38. Friborg, O., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Øvergård, K.T. & Rosenvinge, J.H. (2013). Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of 30 years of research. Journal of affective disorders, 145(2): 143-155. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.004.
  39. Gartner, A.F., Marcus, R.N., Halmi, K. & Loranger, A.W. (1989). DSM-III-R personality disorders in patients with eating disorders. American journal of psychiatry, 146: 1585-1591. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.146.12.1585.
  40. Garyfallos, G., Katsigiannopoulos, K., Adamopoulou, A., Papazisis, G., Karastergiou, A. & Bozikas, V.P. (2010). Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Does it imply a specific subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder?. Psychiatry research, 177(1-2): 156-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.01.006.
  41. Gordon, O.M., Salkovskis, P.M., Oldfield, V.B.& Carter, N. (2013). The association between obsessive compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: prevalence and clinical presentation. British journal of clinical psychology, 52: 300-315. DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12016.
  42. Gordon-King, K., Schweitzer, R.D. & Dimaggio, G. (2018). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders featuring emotional inhibition: A multiple baseline case series. The journal of nervous and mental disease, 206(4): 263-269. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000789.
  43. Grant, B.F., Stinson, F.S., Dawson, D.A., Chou, S.P., Ruan, W.J., Pickering, R.P. (2004). Cooccurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of general psychiatry, 61: 361-368. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.361.
  44. Grant, J.E., Mooney, M.E., Kushner, M.G. (2012). Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DMS-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of psychiatric research, 46: 469-75. DOI: 10. 1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.009.
  45. Grilo, C.M. & McGlashan, T.H. (2000). Convergent and discriminant validity of DSMIV Axis II personality disorder criteria in adult outpatients with binge eating disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 41: 163-166. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90042-7.
  46. Grilo, C.M., Skodol, A.E., Gunderson, J.G., Sanislow, C.A., Stout, R.L., Shea, M.T. … McGlashan, T.H. (2004). Longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of DSM-IV criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 110(1): 64-68. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00311.x.
  47. Gunderson, J.G. (1984). Borderline personality disorder. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
  48. Gunderson, J.G. (2001). Borderline personality disorder: a clinical guide. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  49. Halmi, K., Tozzi, F., Thornton, L.M., Crow, S., Fichter, M.M., Kaplan, A.S. (2005). The relation among perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders. Journal of eating disorders, 38: 371-374. DOI: 10.1002/eat.20190.
  50. Hayes, A.M., Yasinski, C. (2015). Pattern destabilization and emotional processing in cognitive therapy for personality disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 6: 107. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00107.
  51. Hertler, S.C. (2013). Understanding obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. SAGE Open, (3). DOI: 10.1177/2158244013500675.
  52. Herzog, D.B., Keller, M.B., Lavori, P.W., Kenny, G.M. & Sacks, N.R. (1992). The prevalence of personality disorders in 210 women with eating disorders. Journal of clinical psychiatry, 53: 147-152.
  53. Hopwood, C.J., Morey, L.C., Gunderson, J.G., Skodol, A.E., Tracie Shea, M., Grilo, C.M. & McGlashan, T.H. (2006). Hierarchical relationships between borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 113(5): 430-439. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00683.x.
  54. Hummelen, B., Wilberg, T., Pedersen, G., Karterud, S. (2008). The quality of the DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder construct as a prototype category. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 196(6): 446-455. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181775a4e.
  55. Ishihara, L. & Brayne, C. (2006). What is the evidence for a premorbid parkinsonian personality: a systematic review. Movement disorders, 21: 1066-1072. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20980.
  56. Karwautz, A., Troop, N.A., Rabe-Hesketh, S. et al. (2003). Personality disorders and personality dimensions in anorexia nervosa. Journal of personality disorders, 17: 73-85. DOI: 10.1521/pedi.17.1.73.24057.
  57. Kernberg, O.F. (1977). The structural diagnosis of borderline personality organization (pp. 87-121). In: Hartcollis, P. (ed.), Borderline personality disorders: the concept, the syndrome, the patient. New York: International Universities Press.
  58. Kikkert, M.J., Driessen, E., Peen, J., Barber, J.P., Bockting, C., Schalkwijk, F. … Dekker, J.J. (2016). The role of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits in matching patients with major depression to cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic therapy: A replication study. Journal of affective disorders, 205: 400-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.017.
  59. Klerman, G., Weissman, M., Rounsaville, B. & Chevron, E. (1984). Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
  60. Lee, J.C., Prado, H.S., Diniz, J.B. et al. (2009). Perfectionism and sensory phenomena: phenotypic components of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 50: 431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.007.
  61. Leichsenring, F., Hiller, W., Weissberg, M. & Leibing, E. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy: techniques, efficacy, and indications. American journal of psychotherapy, 60(3): 233-259. DOI: 0.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2006.60.3.233.
  62. Lenzenweger, M.F. (2008). Epidemiology of personality disorders. Psychiatric clinics of North America, 31(3): 395-403. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.003.
  63. Liggett, J. & Sellbom, M. (2018). Examining the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders operationalization of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in a mental health sample. Personality disorders: theory, research, and treatment, 9(5): 397. DOI:
  64. 1037/per0000285.
  65. Liggett, J., Sellbom, M. & Carmichael, K.L. (2017). Examining the DSM-5 Section III criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in a community sample. Journal of personality disorders, 31(6): 790-809. DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_281.
  66. Liggett, J., Sellbom, M. & Bach, B. (2018). Continuity between DSM-5 Section II and Section III personality traits for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 25(1): 144-151. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2147.
  67. Light, K.J., Joyce, P.R., Luty, S.E., Mulder, R.T., Frampton, C.M., Joyce, L.R. (2006). Preliminary evidence for an association between a dopamine D3 receptor gene variant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in patients with major depression. American journal
  68. zf medical genetics part B, 141B: 409-413. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30308.
  69. Lilenfeld, L.R., Wonderlich, S., Riso, L.P., Crosby, R. & Mitchell, J. (2006). Eating disorders and personality: A methodological and empirical review. Clinical psychology review, 26(3): 299-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.10.003.
  70. Lochner, C., Serebro, P., van der Merwe, L., Hemmings, S., Kinnear, C., Seedat, S. & Stein, D.J. (2011). Comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A marker of severity. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry, 35(4): 1087-1092. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.006.
  71. Lynch, T.R. & Cheavens, J.S. (2008). Dialectical behavior therapy for comorbid personality disorders. Journal of clinical psychology, 64(2): 154-167. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20449.
  72. McGlashan, T.H., Grilo, C.M., Skodol, A.E., Gunderson, J.G., Shea, M.T. & Morey, L.C. (2000). The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: baseline axis I/II and II/II diagnostic co-occurrence. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 102: 256-264. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447. 2000.102004256.x.
  73. Medeiros, G.C., & Grant, J.E. (2018). Gambling disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: A frequent but understudied comorbidity. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2): 366-374. DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.50.
  74. Menza, M. (2000). The personality associated with Parkinson’s disease. Current psychiatry reports, 2: 421-426. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01191.
  75. Millon, T. & Everly, G.S. (1985). Personality and its disorders: a biosocial learning approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  76. Montazeri, M.S., Neshatdoost, H.T., Abedi, M.R. & Abedi, A. (2014). Effectiveness of schema therapy on symptoms intensity reduction and anxiety in a special case with obsessive compulsive personality disorder. Zahedan university of medical sciences, 16(5): 92-94.
  77. Ng, R.M.K. (2005). Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. A pilot study in Hong Kong Chinese patients. Hong Kong journal of psychiatry, 15: 50-3.
  78. Nicoletti, A., Luca, A., Raciti, L. et al. (2013). Obsessive compulsive personality disorder and Parkinson’s disease. PLoS ONE, 8: e54822. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054822.
  79. Nilsson, E.W., Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I.C. & Rasta, M. (1999). Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: Personality disorders. Journal of the American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry, 38: 1389-1395. DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199911000-00013.
  80. O’Connell, B., Dowling, M. (2014). Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 21(6): 518-525. DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12116.
  81. Perry, J.C, Bond, M. & Roy, C. (2007). Predictors of treatment duration and retention in a study of long-term dynamic psychotherapy: childhood adversity, adult personality, and diagnoses. Journal of psychiatric practice, 13: 221-32. DOI: 10.1097/01.pra.0000281482.11946.fc.
  82. Petrov, M.E., Emert, S.E. & Lichstein, K.L. (2019). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder features and response to behavioral therapy for insomnia among patients with hypnotic-dependent insomnia. Behavioral sleep medicine, 17(6): 740-752. DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1483369.
  83. Pinto, A., Liebowitz, M.R., Foa, E.B. & Simpson, H.B. (2011). Obsessive compulsive personality disorder as a predictor of exposure and ritual prevention outcome for obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 49: 453-458. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.04.004.
  84. Pinto, A., Steinglass, J.E., Greene, A.L., Weber, E.U. & Simpson, H.B. (2014). Capacity to delay reward differentiates obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Biological psychiatry, 75: 653-659. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.007.
  85. Piran, N., Lerner, P., Garfinkel, P.E., Kennedy, S.H. & Brouilette, C. (1988). Personality disorders in anorexic patients. International journal of eating disorders, 7: 589-599. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(198809)7:5<589::AID-EAT2260070502>3.0.CO;2-H.
  86. Popa, C.O., Buicu, G. & Ardelean, M. (2012). The obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, approached by cognitive-behavioural therapy. Acta Medica Transilvanica, 2: 251-252.
  87. Popolo, R., MacBeth, A., Canfora, F., Rebecchi, D., Toselli, C., Salvatore, G. & Dimaggio, G. (2019). Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy in group (MIT-G) for young adults with personality disorders: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychology and psychotherapy: theory, research and practice, 92(3): 342-358. DOI: 10.1111/papt.12182.
  88. Popolo, R., MacBeth, A., Lazzerini, L., Brunello, S., Venturelli, G., Rebecchi, D. … Dimaggio, G. (2021). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in group versus TAU+ waiting list for young adults with personality disorders: Randomized clinical trial. Personality disorders: theory, research, and treatment, 13(6): 619-628. DOI: 10.1037/per0000497.
  89. Raiskila, T., Sequeiros, S.B., Kiuttu, J., Kauhanen, M.L., Läksy, K., Rissanen, P. … Joukamaa, M. (2013). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is common among occupational health care clients with depression. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 55(2): 168-171. DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182717e6d.
  90. Riddle, M.A., Maher, B.S., Wang, Y., Grados, M., Bienvenu, O.J., Goes, F.S. … Samuels, J. (2016). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Evidence for two dimensions. Depression and anxiety, 33(2): 128-135. DOI: 10.1002/da.22452.
  91. Rossi, A., Marinangeli, M.G., Butti, G., Kalyvoka, A. & Petruzzi, C. (2000). Pattern of comorbidity among anxious and odd personality disorders: The case of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. CNS spectrums, 5(9): 23-26. DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900021623.
  92. Rössler, W., Hengartner, M.P., Ajdacic-Gross, V. & Angst, J. (2015). Predictors of burnout: Results from a prospective community study. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 265: 19-25. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0512-x.
  93. Samuels, J., Eaton, W.W., Bienvenu, O.J. III et al. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. British journal of psychiatry, 180: 536-542. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.180.6.536.
  94. Samuel, D.B. & Widiger, T.A. (2011). Conscientiousness and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Personality disorders: theory, research, and treatment, 2(3): 161. DOI: 10.1037/a0021216.
  95. Sanislow, C.A., Little, T.D., Ansell, E.B., Grilo, C.M., Daversa, M., Markowitz, J.C. … McGlashan, T.H. (2009). Ten-year stability and latent structure of the DSM-IV schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology, 118(3): 507. DOI: 10.1037/a0016478.
  96. Sachse, R. (ed.) (2001). Psychologische psychotherapie der persönlichkeitsstöringen. Göttingen: Hogrefe-Verlag.
  97. Schiavone, P., Dorz, S., Conforti, D., Scarso, C. & Borgherini, G. (2004). Comorbidity of DSM-IV personality disorders in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders: A comparative study. Psychological reports, 95: 121-128. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.95.1.121.
  98. Serpell, L., Livingstone, A., Neiderman, M. & Lask, B. (2002). Anorexia nervosa: Obsessivecompulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, or neither?. Clinical psychology review, 22(5): 647-669. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00112-X.
  99. Shea, M.T., Stout, R., Gunderson, J., Morey, L.C., Grilo, C. & McGlashan, T. (2002). Shortterm diagnostic stability of schizotypical, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. American journal of psychiatry, 159(12): 2036-2041. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2036.
  100. Simonsen, S., Bateman, A., Bohus, M., Dalewijk, H.J., Doering, S., Kaera, A. … Mehlum, L. (2019). European guidelines for personality disorders: past, present and future. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s40479-019-0106-3.
  101. Skodol, A.E., Gunderson, J.G., McGlashan, T.H., Dyck, I.R., Stout, R.L., Bender, D.S. … Oldham, J.M. (2002). Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. American journal of psychiatry, 159(2): 276-283. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.276.
  102. Skodol, A.E., Pagano, M.E., Bender, D.S., Shea, M.T., Gunderson, J.G., Yen, S. … McGlashan, T.H. (2005). Stability of functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder over two years. Psychological medicine, 35(3): 443-451. DOI: 10.1017/S003329170400354X.
  103. Skodol, A.E. (2012). Personality disorders in DSM-5. Annual review of clinical psychology, 8: 317-344. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131.
  104. Smith, R., Shepard, C., Wiltgen, A., Rufino, K., Fowler, J.C. (2017). Treatment outcomes for inpatients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: An open comparison trial. Journal of affective disorders, 209: 273-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.002.
  105. Soeteman. D.I., Roijen, L.H.V., Verheul, R. & Busschbach, J.J. (2008). The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care. Journal of clinical psychiatry, 69(2): 259. DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v69n0212.
  106. Starcevic, V. & Brakoulias, V. (2014). New diagnostic perspectives on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and its links with other conditions. Current opinion in psychiatry, 27(1): 62-67. DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000030.
  107. Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Brakoulias, V., Sammut, P., Moses, K., Milicevic, D. & Hannan, A. (2013). Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder co-occurring with obsessive-compulsive disorder: conceptual and clinical implications. Australian & New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 47(1): 65-73. DOI: 10.1177/0004867412450645.
  108. Strauss, J.L., Hayes, A.M., Johnson, S.L., Newman, C.F., Brown, G.K., Barber, J.P. … Beck, A.T. (2006). Early alliance, alliance ruptures, and symptom change in a nonrandomized trial of cognitive therapy for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(2): 337. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.337.
  109. Stuart, S., Pfohl, B., Battaglia, M., Bellodi, L., Grove, W. & Cadoret, R. (1998). The cooccurrence of DSM-III-R personality disorders. Journal of personality disorders, 12: 302-315. DOI: 10.1521/pedi.1998.12.4.302.
  110. Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E. & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of general psychiatry, 58: 590-596. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.590.
  111. van Broekhoven, K.E., Karreman, A., Hartman, E.E., Lodder, P., Endendijk, J.J., Bergink, V. & Pop, V.J. (2019). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder symptoms as a risk factor for postpartum depressive symptoms. Archives of women’s mental health, 22: 475-483. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0908-0.
  112. Volkert, J., Gablonski, T.C., Rabung, S. (2018). Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British journal of psychiatry, 213(6): 709-715. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.202.
  113. Weintraub, D., Claassen, D.O. (2017). Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson’s disease. International review of neurobiology, 133: 679-717. DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.04.006.
  114. Westen, D. & Harnden-Fischer, J. (2001). Personality profiles in eating disorders: rethinking the distinction between axis I and axis II. American journal of psychiatry, 158(4): 547-562. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.547.
  115. Wetterneck, C.T., Little, T.E., Chasson, G.S. et al. (2011). Obsessive-compulsive personality traits: how are they related to OCD severity? Journal of anxiety disorders, 25: 1024-1031. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.011.
  116. WHO (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Genèva: World Health Organization.
  117. Wonderlich, S.A. & Mitchell, J.E. (1997). Eating disorders and comorbidity: empirical, conceptual, and clinical implications. Psychopharmacology bulletin, 33(3): 381-390.
  118. Wonderlich, S.A., Swift, W.J., Slotnick, H.B. & Goodman, S. (1990). DSM-IIIR personality disorders in eating disorders subtypes. International journal of eating disorders, 9: 607-616. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(199011)9:6<607::AID-EAT2260090603>3.0.CO;2-0.
  119. Yanovski, S.Z., Nelson, J.E., Dubbert, B.K. & Spitzer, R.L. (1993). Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. American journal of psychiatry, 150: 1472-1479. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.150.10.1472.
  120. Young, J.E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.
  121. Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L. & Chemlinski, I. (2005). The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American journal of psychiatry, 162: 1911-1918. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...