Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)

Issues and challenges of regulation of relations on the Internet to guarantee adherence to human rights

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/riss2025oa19632
Submitted
7 marzo 2025
Published
16-12-2025

Abstract

This article addresses the critical issue of human rights protection in digital environment, with the legal frameworks governing digital rights as a core concept. The main research questions examine key threats to human rights online and effectiveness of existing international and national mechanisms for safeguarding these rights. The study employs a comparative analysis of legal systems, specifically focusing evolving legal framework in response to the digital challenges in the EU, the U.S., and Ukraine, including the role of the Internet during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Using formal-legal and systemic methods, the research assesses the effectiveness of these regulatory approaches. The results reveal significant differences in protection of digital rights across the EU, the U.S., and Ukraine, highlighting gaps in enforcement and practical application. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on the need for stronger global collaboration in digital rights regulation and propose recommendations for enhancing legal protections in the digital sphere, particularly in Ukraine’s context. This research advances the understanding of how international legal standards can be integrated into national legislation, offering new perspectives for policymakers and legal scholars.

References

  1. Aristova I., Brusakova O., Koshikov D., & Kaplya O. (2021). Developing Information Technology Law and Legislation: Analysis of International Experience and Possibilities of Its Application in Ukraine. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 10(2): 117-128. Doi: 10.31207/ih.v10i2.287.
  2. Bocharova N.V. (2021). Ensuring human rights in the information society: Problems of creating an international bill of human rights on the internet. In The Latest Achievements and Vectors of Development of Modern Jurisprudence (pp. 33-60). Kyiv: Liha-Pres. Doi: 10.36059/978-966-397-244-2-1-2.
  3. Buriachok V.L., Tolubko V.B., Khoroshko V.O., & Toliupa S.V. (2015). Information and cyber security: social and technical aspect. Kyiv: DUT.
  4. California Consumer Privacy Act (2018). -- Retrieved from https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa.
  5. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. (2000). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf.
  6. Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950). -- Retrieved from https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/ convention_eng.
  7. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). -- Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text.
  8. Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (2001). -- Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/1680081561.
  9. Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) (2002). -- Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A32002L0058.
  10. Directive on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2 Directive) (2016). -- Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec. europa.eu/en/policies/nis2-directive.
  11. European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance). -- Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj.
  12. European Parliament (2016). Directive on security of network and information systems (NIS Directive). -- Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/Reg Data/etudes/BRIE/2020/654198/EPRS_BRI(2020)654198_EN.pdf.
  13. Hlukha T. (2020). On the issue of features of legal regulation of relations in the Internet. In IV International Student Scientific Conference “The Legal System of Ukraine in the Context of European Integration: The View of Student Youth” (pp. 161-163) (Ternopil, May 2020). Ternopil: West Ukrainian National University. -- Retrieved from http://confuf.wunu.edu.ua/index.php/confuf/ article/view/149.
  14. Holovko O.M., Aristova I.V., Shulhin V.V., & Sobakar A.O. (2021). Perspectives of electronic judicial proceedings’ development: international experience and possibilities of its application in Ukraine. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(70): 66-79. Doi: 10.46398/cuestpol.3970.03.
  15. Hutsu S.F. (2018). Legal regulation of the internet: International and domestic experience. National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, 2(38): 114-118. Doi: 10.20535/2308-5053.2018.2(38).152935.
  16. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). -- Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.
  17. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). -- Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/ international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights.
  18. Kovalenko L.P., & Turov V.D. (2017). On the problem of legal regulation of relations on the Internet. In Internet of Things: Problems of Legal Regulation and Implementation: Materials of Scientific and Practical Conference (pp. 233-237) (Kyiv, October 2017). Kyiv: National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”. -- Retrieved from https://ippi.org.ua/ sites/default/files/zbirnik_2017__14.11.2017_-_vidredagovaniy.pdf.
  19. Kurtakova A.O., & Usmanov O.R. (2020). Protection of the rights of internet users as participants of private legal relations. Scientific Perspectives, 3(3): 91-99. Doi: 10.32689/2708-7530-2020-3(3)-91-99.
  20. Lytvynov Y. (2013). Legal aspects of the Internet functioning. Legal Ukraine, 10: 31-36.
  21. Marushchak A.V. (2021). Human rights in the era of digitalization. In N.V. Mishyna (Ed.), Human rights in Ukraine and foreign countries: Traditions and novelties (pp. 360-389). Lviv-Torun: Liha-Pres. Doi: 10.36059/978-966-397-235-0-13.
  22. Myroniuk O.I., & Halak A.V. (2021). Human rights protection in the Internet space. In The XII International Science Conference “Topical tendencies of science and practice” (pp. 208-210) (Edmonton, Canada, December 2021). Edmonton: International Science Group.
  23. Novytskyi A.M. (2016). Place of IT rights in the general system information law. In IT Law: Problems and Prospects of Development in Ukraine: Collection of Materials of Scientific and Practical Conference (pp. 116-119) (Lviv, November 2016). Lviv: Lviv Polytechnic National University.
  24. Omelchenko I.K. (2014). Ways to regulate internet content within the national legislation of Ukraine and international standards. Information and Law, 1(10): 73-86. -- Retrieved from https://ippi.org.ua/sites/default/files/14oikums.pdf.
  25. Razmietaieva Yu.S. (2020). Democracy, human rights and the Internet. Law and Society, 1: 104-110. Doi: 10.32842/2078-3736/2020.1-1.16.
  26. Sarakutsa M.O., & Piliuk S.V. (2021). International legal regulation of rights and freedoms on the Internet. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, 3: 275-280. Doi: 10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.51.
  27. Sardak S., Britchenko I., Vazov R., & Krupskyi O. P. (2021). Life cycle: Formation, structure, management. Ikonomicheski Izsledvania, 30(6): 126-142.
  28. Soldatenko O. (2018). Information space on the internet: Regulation and control. Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law, 5: 134-140. -- Retrieved from http://pgp-journal.kiev.ua/archive/2018/5/27.pdf.
  29. Sopilko I.M. (2017). Human rights and the internet: Features of their observance. In VII International Scientific and Practical Conference “Human Security in the Context of Globalization: Modern Legal Paradigms” (pp. 213-216) (Kyiv, February 2017). Kyiv: National Aviation University. -- Retrieved from https://ocs.nau.edu.ua/index.php/strsp/7MNPK/schedConf/presentations.
  30. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). -- Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.
  31. Voitsikhovskyi A.V. (2018). Protection of human rights and freedoms on the Internet. In Protection of Human Rights: National and International Legal Dimensions: Materials of XIV International scientific Practical conference “From civil society ‒ to the rule of law” (pp. 543-549) (Kharkiv, May 2018). Kharkiv: V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.
  32. Worldometers. (2024). -- https://www.worldometers.info/.