Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito
Ricerche di Psicologia/Psychological Research Journal - Open Access

Articoli

N. 1 (2022)

Expectations in psychotherapy: An overview

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3280/rip2022oa13574
Inviata
26 marzo 2021
Pubblicato
06-04-2022

Abstract

Expectations can influence the outcome and the process of psychotherapy. Hence, this article aims to overview the types of expectations, i.e., outcome, treatment and change. Both patients’ and therapists’ expectations are considered. Furthermore, determinants of expectations and moderators/mediators of expectations-outcome relationship are described. We provided theories that try to explain the influence of expectations and their relationship with the psychotherapy process. Various instruments for measuring expectations and practical advice to manage expectations in psychotherapy will be discussed. Clinicians should become increasingly aware of their own and clients’ expectations. Future studies should investigate the impact of every kind of expectation and its moderation/mediation role with other psychotherapy processes. 

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Al-Darmaki, F., & Kivlighan, D. M. (1993). Congruence in client-counselor expectations for relationship and the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 379-384. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.379.
  2. Amanzio, M., Pollo, A., Maggi, G., & Benedetti, F. (2001). Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids. Pain, 90(3), 205-215. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00486-3.
  3. Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Shapiro, S. J. (2002). Expectations and preferences. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapists contributions and responsiveness to patient (pp. 325-346). Oxford University Press.
  4. Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290. DOI: 10.1037/h0055756.
  5. Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338-375. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338.
  6. Barber, J. P., Zilcha-Mano, S., Gallop, R., Barrett, M., McCarthy, K. S., & Dinger, U. (2014). The associations among improvement and alliance expectations, alliance during treatment, and treatment outcome for major depressive disorder. Psychotherapy research, 24(3), 257-268. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.871080.
  7. Barth, J., Kern, A., Lüthi, S., & Witt, C. M. (2019). Assessment of patientsʼ expectations: development and validation of the Expectation for Treatment Scale (ETS). BMJ open, 9(6), e026712. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026712.
  8. Bartholomew, T. T., Gundel, B. E., Li, H., Joy, E. E., Kang, E., & Scheel, M. J. (2019). The meaning of therapists’ hope for their clients: A phenomenological study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(4), 496-507. DOI: 10.1037/cou0000328.
  9. Başoğlu, M., Marks, I. M., Swinson, R. P., Noshirvani, H., OʼSullivan, G., & Kuch, K. (1994). Pre-treatment predictors of treatment outcome in panic disorder and agoraphobia treated with alprazolam and exposure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30(2), 123-132. DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(94)90040-X.
  10. Bleyen, K., Vertommen, H., Vander Steene, G., & van Audenhove, C. (2001). Psychometric Properties of the Psychotherapy Expectancy Inventory-Revised (PEI-R). Psychotherapy Research, 11(1), 69-83, DOI: 10.1080/713663853.
  11. Bootzin, R. R., & Lick, J. R. (1979). Expectancies in therapy research: Interpretive artifact or mediating mechanism? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(5), 852-855. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.47.5.852.
  12. Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972). Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3(4), 257-260. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6.
  13. Callahan, J. L., Gustafson, S. A., Misner, J. B., Paprocki, C. M., Sauer, E. M., Saules, K. K., Schwartz, J. L., Swift, J. K., Whiteside, D. M., Wierda, K. E., & Wise, E. H. (2014). Introducing the association of psychology training clinics’ collaborative research network: A study on client expectancies. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8(2), 95-104. DOI: 10.1037/tep0000047.
  14. Chambless, D. L., Tran, G. Q., & Glass, C. R. (1997). Predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Journal of anxiety disorders, 11(3), 221-240. DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00008-x.
  15. Charles, N. E., Rodriguez, T. R., Bullerjahn, M. R., Simpson, L., Swygert, L. M., Finn, J. A., & Anestis, J. C. (2021). Expectations and Preferences for Psychotherapy Among African American and White Young Adults. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8(3), 678-689. DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00827-2.
  16. Clinton, D. N. (1996). Why do eating disorder patients drop out?. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 29-35. DOI: 10.1159/000289028.
  17. Connolly Gibbons, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., de la Cruz, C., Barber, J. P., Siqueland, L., & Gladis, M. (2003). Pretreatment expectations, interpersonal functioning, and symptoms in the prediction of the therapeutic alliance across supportive-expressive psychotherapy and cognitive therapy. Psychotherapy research, 13(1), 59-76. DOI: 10.1093/ptr/kpg007.
  18. Connor, D. R., & Callahan, J. L. (2015). Impact of psychotherapist expectations on client outcomes. Psychotherapy, 52(3), 351-362. DOI: 10.1037/a0038890.
  19. Constance, J. E., Ross, M. J., Lowry, J. L., Gfeller, J. D., & Handal, P. J. (2008). Expectations of psychotherapy duration by disorder: A comparison between professional and young adult expectations. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy: On the Cutting Edge of Modern Developments in Psychotherapy, 38(4), 177-183. DOI: 10.1007/s10879-008-9079-z.
  20. Constantino, M. J., Aviram, A., Coyne, A. E., Newkirk, K., Greenberg, R. P., Westra, H. A., & Antony, M. M. (2020). Dyadic, longitudinal associations among outcome expectation and alliance, and their indirect effects on patient outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(1) , 40-50. DOI: 10.1037/cou0000364.
  21. Constantino, M. J., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., Ametrano, R. M., & Smith, J. Z. (2011). Expectations. Journal of clinical psychology, 67(2), 184-192. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20754.
  22. Constantino, M. J., Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C., & Agras, W. S. (2005). The Association Between Patient Characteristics and the Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 203-211. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.203.
  23. Constantino, M. J., Coyne, A. E., McVicar, E. L., & Ametrano, R. M. (2016). The relative association between individual difference variables and general psychotherapy outcome expectation in socially anxious individuals. Psychotherapy Research, 27(5), 583-594. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1138336.
  24. Constantino, M. J., Coyne, A. E., Goodwin, B. J., Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Muir, H. J., & Gaines, A. N. (2021). Indirect effect of patient outcome expectation on improvement through alliance quality: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy research, 31(6), 711-725. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2020.1851058.
  25. Constantino, M. J., Penek, S., Bernecker, S. L., & Overtree, C. E. (2014). A preliminary examination of participant characteristics in relation to patients’ treatment beliefs in psychotherapy in a training clinic. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 238-250. DOI: 10.1037/a0031424.
  26. Constantino, M. J., Vîslă, A., Coyne, A. E., & Boswell, J. F. (2018). A meta-analysis of the association between patients’ early treatment outcome expectation and their posttreatment outcomes. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 473-485. DOI: 10.1037/pst0000169.
  27. Coyne, A. E., Constantino, M. J., Gaines, A. N., Laws, H. B., Westra, H. A., & Antony, M. M. (2021). Association between therapist attunement to patient outcome expectation and worry reduction in two therapies for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of counseling psychology, 68(2), 182-193. DOI: 10.1037/cou0000457.
  28. Dakof, G. A., Tejeda, M., & Liddle, H. A. (2001). Predictors of engagement in adolescent drug abuse treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(3), 274-281. DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200103000-00006.
  29. Davis, M., & Addis, M. (2002). Treatment expectations, experiences, and mental health functioning predict attrition status in behavioural medicine groups. Irish Journal of Psychology, 23(1-2), 37-51. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-17198-004.
  30. Deane, F. P., Spicer, J., & Leathem, J. (1992). Effects of videotaped preparatory information on expectations, anxiety, and psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 980-984. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.60.6.980.
  31. Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 31(2), 73-86. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00012-4.
  32. Elkin, I., Yamaguchi, J. L., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., Sotsky, S. M., & Krupnick, J. L. (1999). “Patient-treatment fit” and early engagement in therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 9(4), 437-451. DOI: 10.1093/ptr/9.4.437.
  33. Elliott, K. P., Westmacott, R., Hunsley, J., Rumstein-McKean, O., & Best, M. (2015). The Process of Seeking Psychotherapy and Its Impact on Therapy Expectations and Experiences. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 22(5), 399-408. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1900.
  34. Farina, A., & Ring, K. (1965). The influence of perceived mental illness on interpersonal relations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70(1), 47-51. DOI: 10.1037/h0021637.
  35. Fowler, D. M., Glenwright, B. J., Bhatia, M., & Drapeau, M. (2010). Counselling Expectations of a Sample of East Asian and Caucasian Canadian Undergraduates in Canada. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 45(2), 151-167. https://cjc-rcc.ucalgary.ca/article/view/59293.
  36. Frank, J. D. (1961). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy. The Johns Hopkins Press.
  37. Frankl, M., Philips, B., & Wennberg, P. (2014). Psychotherapy role expectations and experiences - discrepancy and therapeutic alliance among patients with substance use disorders. Psychology and psychotherapy, 87(4), 411-424. DOI: 10.1111/papt.12021.
  38. Friedlander, M. L., Muetzelfeld, H., Re, S., Colvin, K. F., Quinn- Nilas, C., & Smoliak, O. (2019). Introducing the Expectations and Preference Scales for Couple Therapy (EPSCT): Development, Psychometric Evaluation, and Suggested Use in Practice and Research. Family Process, 58(4), 855-872. DOI: 10.1111/famp.12446.
  39. Gelo, O. C. G., Pritz, A., & Rieken, B. (Eds.). (2015). Psychotherapy Research. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0.
  40. Gonzalez, J. M., Alegria, M., & Prihoda, T. J. (2005). How do attitudes toward mental health treatment vary by age, gender, and ethnicity/race in young adults?. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(5), 611-629. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20071.
  41. Gorman, C. A., Meriac, J. P., Overstreet, B. L., Apodaca, S., McIntyre, A. L., Park, P., & Godbey, J. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of the regulatory focus nomological network: Work-related antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 160-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.005.
  42. Greenberg, R. P., Constantino, M. J., & Bruce, N. (2006). Are patient expectations still relevant for psychotherapy process and outcome?. Clinical psychology review, 26(6), 657-678. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.002.
  43. Grencavage, L. M., & Norcross, J. C. (1990). Where are the commonalities among the therapeutic common factors?. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21(5), 372-378. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.21.5.372.
  44. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280.
  45. Ilardi, S. S., & Craighead, W. E. (1994). The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1(2), 138-156. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x.
  46. Joyce, A. S., McCallum, M., Piper, W. E., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2000). Role behavior expectancies and alliance change in short-term individual psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research, 9(4), 213-225. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-16107-005.
  47. Joyce, A. S., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Piper, W. E., & McCallum, M. (2003). The alliance as mediator of expectancy effects in short-term individual therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 672-679. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.672.
  48. Joyce, A. S., & Piper, W. E. (1998). Expectancy, the therapeutic alliance, and treatment outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. The Journal of psychotherapy practice and research, 7(3), 236-248. https://www.ncbi.nlm.-nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3330500.
  49. Kahn, T. (2020). Patientsʼ Expectationsʼ Effects on Treatment Outcome in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Claremont Graduate University.
  50. Kaplan, A. S. (2000). An examination of client worldview and expectations about psychotherapy [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Miami.
  51. Katz, B. A., Catane, S., & Yovel, I. (2016). Pushed by symptoms, pulled by values: Promotion goals increase motivation in therapeutic tasks. Behavior Therapy, 47(2), 239-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.002.
  52. Lambert, M. J. (1992). Psychotherapy outcome research: Implications for integrative and eclectic therapists. In J. C. Norcross, & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 94-129). Basic Books.
  53. Lambert, M. J. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfieldʼs Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (6th ed., pp. 169-218). Wiley.
  54. Lax, T., Başoğlu, M., & Marks, I. M. (1992). Expectancy and compliance as predictors of outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 20(3), 257-266. DOI: 10.1017/S0141347300017237.
  55. Lebowitz, M. S., Dolev-Amit, T., & Zilcha-Mano, S. (2021). Relationships of biomedical beliefs about depression to treatment-related expectancies in a treatment-seeking sample. Psychotherapy, 58(3), 366-371. DOI: 10.1037/pst0000320.
  56. Liberman, B. L. (1978). The role of mastery in psychotherapy: Maintenance of improvement and prescriptive change. In J. D. Frank, R. Hoehn-Saric, S. D. Imber, B. L. Liberman, & A. R. Stone (Eds.), Effective ingredients of successful psychotherapy (pp. 35-72). Johns Hopkins University Press.
  57. Lutz, W., de Jongh K., Rubel, J. A., & Delgadillo, J. (2021). Measuring, predicting, and tracking change in psychotherapy. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfieldʼs Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (7th ed., pp. 89-133).
  58. Manzo, S. (2010). La ricerca di processo nel decennio 1998-2007: contributo a una review critica [Process research in the decade 1998-2007: contribution to a critical review]. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 13(1), 92-119. DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2010.11.
  59. Martin, P. J., & Sterne, A. L. (1975). Prognostic expectations and treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 572-576. DOI: 10.1037/h0076886.
  60. Merritt, O. A., & Purdon, C. (2021). Fear of compassion is associated with treatment ambivalence and negative expectations for treatment in people with anxiety. The British journal of clinical psychology, 60(4), 546-555. DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12313.
  61. Meyer, B., Pilkonis, P. A., Krupnick, J. L., Egan, M. K., Simmens, S. J., & Sotsky, S. M. (2002). Treatment expectancies, patient alliance and outcome: Further analyses from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 1051-1055. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.1051.
  62. Millard, E., Cardona, J., Fernandes, J., Priebe, S., & Carr, C. (2021). I know what I like, and I like what I know: Patient preferences and expectations when choosing an arts therapies group. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 75, 101829. DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2021.101829.
  63. Morrison, N. R, Constantino, M. J., Santorelli, G. D., McVicar, E. L., Ametrano, R. M. (2021). Determinants of psychotherapy outcome expectations: Qualitative accounts from socially anxious college students. Counseling & Psychotherapy Research, 21(4), 781-791. DOI: 10.1002/capr.12411.
  64. Mueller, M., & Pekarik, G. (2000). Treatment duration prediction: Client accuracy and its relationship to dropout, outcome, and satisfaction. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37(2), 117-123. DOI: 10.1037/h0087701.
  65. Muetzelfeld, H., Megale, A., Friedlander, M. L., & Xu, M. (2020). Relations between attachment insecurity and role and outcome expectations for couple therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 43(1), 64-77. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6427.12306.
  66. Newman, M. G., & Fisher, A. J. (2010). Expectancy/Credibility Change as a Mediator of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Mechanism of Action or Proxy for Symptom Change? International journal of cognitive therapy, 3(3), 245-261. DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.3.245.
  67. Noble, L. M., Douglas, B. C., & Newman, S. P. (2001). What do patients expect of psychiatric services? A systematic and critical review of empirical studies. Social science & medicine (1982), 52(7), 985-998. DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00210-0.
  68. Norberg, M. M., Wetterneck, C. T., Sass, D. A., & Kanter, J. W. (2011). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Milwaukee Psychotherapy Expectations Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 574-590. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20781.
  69. Orlinsky, D., Ronnestad, M., & Willutzki, U. (2004). Fifty years of psychotherapy process-outcome research: Continuity and change. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 307-389). Wiley.
  70. Park, J., Swift, J. K., Penix, E. A. (2019). The Relationship Between Client Regulatory Focus and Treatment Use Intentions, Attitudes, Credibility Beliefs, and Outcome Expectations for Psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 49(4), 265-272. DOI: 10.1007/s10879-019-09419-6.
  71. Patterson, C. L., Anderson, T., & Wei, C. (2014). Clientsʼ pretreatment role expectations, the therapeutic alliance, and clinical outcomes in outpatient therapy. Journal of clinical psychology, 70(7), 673-680. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22054.
  72. Patterson, C. L., Uhlin, B., & Anderson, T. (2008). Clientsʼ pretreatment counseling expectations as predictors of the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), 528-534. DOI: 10.1037/a0013289.
  73. Price, M., & Anderson, P. L. (2012). Outcome expectancy as a predictor of treatment response in cognitive behavioral therapy for public speaking fears within social anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy, 49(2), 173-179. DOI: 10.1037/a0024734.
  74. Ransley, R., Sleed, M., Baradon, T., & Fonagy, P. (2019). “What support would you find helpful?” the relationship between treatment expectations, therapeutic engagement, and clinical outcomes in parent-infant psychotherapy. Infant Mental Health Journal, 40(4), 557-572. DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21787.
  75. Schneider, W., & Klauer, T. (2001). Symptom level, treatment motivation, and the effects of inpatient psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 11(2), 153-167. DOI: 10.1093/ptr/11.2.153.
  76. Schulte, D. (2008). Patientsʼ outcome expectancies and their impression of suitability as predictors of treatment outcome. Psychotherapy research, 18(4), 481-494. DOI: 10.1080/10503300801932505.
  77. Seligman, L. D., Wuyek, L. A., Geers, A. L., Hovey, J. D., & Motley, R. L. (2008). The Effects of Inaccurate Expectations on Experiences with Psychotherapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(2), 139-149. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-007-9174-6.
  78. Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. DOI: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01.
  79. Swift, J. K., & Derthick, A. O. (2013). Increasing hope by addressing clients’ outcome expectations. Psychotherapy, 50(3), 284-287. DOI: 10.1037/a0031941.
  80. Tsai, M., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Sochting, I., & Mirmiran, J. (2014). Forecasting success: patientsʼ expectations for improvement and their relations to baseline, process and outcome variables in group cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 21(2), 97-107. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1831.
  81. Thiruchselvam, T., Dozois, D. J. A., Bagby, R. M., Lobo, D. S. S., Ravindran, L. N., & Quilty, L. C. (2019). The role of outcome expectancy in therapeutic change across psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 251, 121-129. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.046.
  82. Thomas, J. G., Sharp, P. B., Niznikiewicz, M. A., & Heller, W. (2021). A double-blind study of empathic support and expectation as mechanisms of symptom change. Psychotherapy research. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2021.1909770.
  83. Tinsley, H. E. A., & Westcot, A. M. (1990). Analysis of the cognitions stimulated by the items on the Expectations About Counseling-Brief Form: An analysis of construct validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(2), 223-226. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.37.2.223.
  84. Tinsley, H. E., Workman, K. R., & Kass, R. A. (1980). Factor analysis of the domain of client expectancies about counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27(6), 561-570. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.27.6.561.
  85. Tzur Bitan, D., & Abayed, S. (2020). Process expectations: Differences between therapists, patients, and lay individuals in their views of what works in psychotherapy. Journal of clinical psychology, 76(1), 20-30. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22872.
  86. Tzur Bitan, D., Ben David, T., Moshe-Cohen, R., & Kivity, Y. (2021). Patient therapist congruence and incongruence of process expectations during psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 58(4), 493-498. DOI: 10.1037/pst0000410.
  87. Tzur Bitan, D., & Lazar, A. (2019). What do people think works in psychotherapy: A qualitative and quantitative assessment of process expectations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 50(4), 272-277. DOI: 10.1037/pro0000241.
  88. Vîslă, A., Constantino, M. J., & Flückiger, C. (2021). Predictors of change in patient treatment outcome expectation during cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy, 58(2), 219-229. DOI: 10.1037/pst0000371.
  89. Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Constantino, M. J., Krieger, T., & Grosse Holtforth, M. (2019). Patient characteristics and the therapist as predictors of depressed patientsʼ outcome expectation over time: A multilevel analysis. Psychotherapy research, 29(6), 709-722. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2018.1428379.
  90. Zilcha-Mano, S., Dolev-Amit, T., Fisher, H., Ein-Dor, T., & Strauß, B. (2021). Patients’ individual differences in implicit and explicit expectations from the therapist as a function of attachment orientation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(6), 682-695. DOI: 10.1037/cou0000503.
  91. Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  92. Weinberger, J., & Eig, A. (1999). Expectancies: The ignored common factor in psychotherapy. In I. Kirsch (Ed.), How expectancies shape experience (pp. 357-382). American Psychological Association.
  93. Weitkamp, K., Klein, E., Hofmann, H., Wiegand-Grefe, S., & Midgley, N. (2017). Therapy Expectations of Adolescents with Depression Entering Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 16(1), 93-105. DOI: 10.1080/15289168.2016.1268883.
  94. Westra, H. A., Aviram, A., Barnes, M., & Angus, L. (2010). Therapy was not what I expected: a preliminary qualitative analysis of concordance between client expectations and experience of cognitive-behavioural therapy. Psychotherapy research, 20(4), 436-446. DOI: 10.1080/10503301003657395.
  95. Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Marcus, M. (2007). Expectancy, homework compliance, and initial change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 363-373. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.363.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...